When running gels what is the difference between constant volts or constant amps?

Question

In general, you want to be consistent with running your gels either at constant volts or constant amps. However, it is very clear that during the progression of both PAGE and agarose gels, the free parameter changes due to the change in resistance of the gel.

While there are safety reasons why you run one vs. the other, I'm curious how these difference affect the migration of your gel.

Answer 1

I'll answer only for SDS-Page, which is the system I am most familiar with.

With a discontinuous buffer system, such as the well-known Laemmli system, resistance increases during electrophoresis, as (very mobile) chloride ions are replaced by glycinate (glycine ions).

From Ohms law:

Voltage (V) = Current (I) x Resistance (R)

and the definition of power (Watts):

Watts (W) = Current (I) x Voltage (V) = I² x R

• At constant current electrophoresis will proceed at a uniform rate, but as the resistance increases so too will the voltage, and so too will the amount of heat generated.
  
  In some discontinuous buffer systems, such as the Tricine/SDS system due to Schägger & von Jagow, this may be enough to crack the gel plates!
• At constant voltage, the current will decrease during electrophoresis, and so too will the amount of head generated, but (as a consequence of the decrease in current) so too will the rate of migration of the sample.

References

Laemmli, U.K. (1970) Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature 227, 680-685. [PubMed]

Schägger, H. & von Jagow, G (1987). Tricine-sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for the separation of proteins in the range from 1 to 100 kDa. Anal Biochem 166, 368-379.[PubMed]