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What are ways to compare the “costs” and “gains” of food production systems?

I'm looking for methodologies to compare the costs a food production requires with the gains it delivers (not in economic terms). I'm aware of energy returned on investment. Are there other methods ...
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0answers
20 views

Relationship between biomass and net primary productivity

I want to do validation on simulated net primary productivity. But I don't have measured NPP data, Eddy covariance flux measurement data. I have only field measurement biomass data. So can I directly ...
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1answer
89 views

Are animals that live in areas where avalanches happen equipped to deal with that?

Humans take courses to learn how to assess the risk of avalanches and how to deal with it. Additionally, they often use special gear to survive avalanches if they got caught in the middle of one. ...
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2answers
153 views

Have any genetically altered organisms actually become abundant in a natural environment?

Most of the things that come up in Google and Google Scholar for this question have a mostly/completely speculative tone, or at best use models instead of measurements. This report describes some ...
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1answer
51 views

Does a plant have to be alive for its roots to prevent erosion?

One argument often given in favour of saving current and planting additional plants/saplings is the roots hold soil together and prevent soil erosion. Unlike plants that may be uprooted, a large ...
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1answer
40 views

How quickly do estrogens break down in the environment?

Of all the synthetic hormones we use, estrogens are probably the most common. They are used for birth control as well as hormone replacement therapy. This researcher also shows that there is plenty ...