Pharmacology is the study of the interactions that occur between a living organism and chemicals that affect normal or abnormal biochemical function
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16 views
What is the disadvantage of having no anticoagulation after pulmonary embolism?
Is chronic anticoagulation always given after pulmonary embolism?
What are the risks or disadvantages
if anticoagulation is not given?
if terminated early?
2
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1answer
92 views
How do Benzodiazepines induce Rewarding (Euphoric) effects?
Benzodiazepines are a class of drugs that serve as positive allosteric modulators of the GABAA receptor by binding to their own "site" on the aforementioned receptor. By doing this they produce ...
3
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1answer
33 views
How does Serotonergic (5-HT2A mediated) Psychedelia work?
How does serotonergic (5-HT2A specific) psychedelia work? I've read that there are some theories that it might involve the induction of a glutamate release in certain regions of the brain involved in ...
2
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0answers
45 views
How do you average Ki values?
It's embarrassing for me to ask this but well such is life. NIMH Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (PDSP) Ki Database is mentioned as the source of the average binding affinity (Ki) values given in ...
3
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1answer
91 views
How does paracetamol interfere with immune system?
Paracetamol is used to reduce body temperature when it is to high. The high body temperature (fever) is known to be an indication that immune system fights against an infection.
In this context I ...
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1answer
38 views
Which Enzymes Catalyse the Deacetylation of Drugs in the Human Body?
If you would like more specifics seeing how I realise that this question is very broad and may be difficult to answer in general then hopefully the following will help you out:
I am particularly ...
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0answers
21 views
How does Pethidine Contribute to Serotonin Syndrome?
I ask this because while I did read in this Australian Government webpage that it inhibits the reuptake of serotonin I have seen no studies that have mentioned any such interaction with the serotonin ...
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0answers
19 views
What are the conditions that must be satisfied in order for drugs to be deliverable via the epidural route?
I ask this because I've read that while pentazocine is approved by the FDA for the treatment of labour pain, epidural administration is not listed as one of its means of administration (which thing I ...
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2answers
42 views
What's a good and reliable database on the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic data of drugs both approved and unapproved?
What's a good and reliable database for the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic data of drugs both approved (in the US and elsewhere) and unapproved?
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0answers
9 views
What's the mechanism of action of Levomepromazine's analgesic effects?
I have absolutely no idea as to how Levomepromazine elicits its analgesic effects so please do direct me to journal articles and other credible sources with you, the answerer, making a summary of ...
1
vote
1answer
77 views
Confusion related to a term probe-by-background interaction
I was reading a paper related to bioinformatics where it uses the drug response on the cancer cells and the gene expression of the individual cells are studied to find any useful insights. Specially, ...
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0answers
21 views
Which receptor in particular does, “MUSCARINIC CHOLINERGIC” refer to in Goodman and Gilman?
On pg. 410 of Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics 12th Edition the term "MUSCARINIC CHOLINERGIC" is used (in the context of side effects of antidepressant agents) with ...
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0answers
26 views
How does Tianeptine work to elicit its therapeutic effects?
Tianeptine is an antidepressant and anxiolytic that has some additional analgesic properties that's used in some European countries, and the theories I've heard about how it works include the ...
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1answer
79 views
How exactly does marijuana damage brain cells?
I've heard that THC can cause permanent damage to brain cells. I've also heard this reffered to anti drug propaganda. Another theory i've read is that temporary effects reduce intelligence but long ...
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1answer
22 views
Definition of Dye- Reduction Test?
Can some one give a simple explanation or definition on what a dye-reduction test is.
1
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1answer
25 views
What does “Psychomodulatory” mean in the context of potentially psychoactive drugs?
What does "Psychomodulatory" mean in the context of potentially psychoactive drugs? That is, in this journal article http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0028390812001931 in the ...
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0answers
31 views
Is there a Pharmacology Textbook that Satisfies the Conditions listed in the Body of this Question?
The conditions are:
As extensive and explanatory as Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, Twelfth Edition
With additional extensive and thoroughly explanatory information ...
11
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1answer
280 views
Looking for a cancer drug target database to guide sequencing of patient tumor DNA
I have a question I would like to pose to the community. I have recently received access to a bench-top ion torrent DNA sequencer. Our idea is to use this machine to sequence the DNA from patient’s ...
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1answer
100 views
What is the biological mechanism underlying caffeine intolerance? (CYP1A2 or other?)
As far as I can tell, caffeine metabolism occurs primarily via the CYP1A2 enzyme. I am curious as to whether mutations in the CYP1A2 gene are associated with caffeine intolerance. Some site that is ...
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2answers
164 views
Do hormone drugs affect whether a person feels sexual attraction to males or females?
I know that ingesting testosterone and other hormonal drugs may stimulate libido and increase sexual desire.
But I wonder, if a man ingests female hormones such as estrogen, will he experience sexual ...
1
vote
1answer
40 views
What Conditions must Drugs satisfy for them to be Deliverable via the Transdermal route?
What Conditions must Drugs satisfy for them to be Deliverable via the Transdermal route? I assume a high $\log{P}$ (lipophilicity) would be one, are there any others?
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1answer
29 views
Does the Enzyme Monoamine Oxidase, Isoenzyme A have an allosteric modulatory site?
Does the Enzyme Monoamine Oxidase, Isoenzyme A (MAO-A) have an allosteric modulatory site? I ask because I would like to know if it is possible, in theory at least, for a positive allosteric modulator ...
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0answers
15 views
Can Opioids Attenuate some of the symptoms of Psychosis?
Can Opioids Attenuate some of the symptoms of Psychosis? I ask because there's a dead link on the Wikipedia page http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opioid_dependence#Causes that's meant to support the ...
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0answers
17 views
Which Enzymes Degrade Dynorphins and what drugs are there available to inhibit said enzymes?
Which Enzymes Degrade Dynorphins and what drugs are there available to inhibit said enzymes?
4
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1answer
213 views
Can a person become addicted to tea?
Can one become addicted to tea like coffee addicts or smokers? I heard there are some common substances in tea and coffee, do they cause addiction?
2
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0answers
14 views
How long does it take for the Opioids listed in the Description to induce Analgesia when Administered via IV?
How long does it take for the Opioids listed in the Description to induce Analgesia when Administered via IV? Now I don't mean how long it takes for euphoria to come on but analgesia.
The opioids I ...
2
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0answers
9 views
What's the Efficacy of Ampakines in the Treatment for ADHD?
What's the Efficacy of Ampakines in the Treatment for ADHD? Ampakines are a class of drugs that serve as potentiators of the AMPA glutamate receptor. By so doing they serve as nootropic, anxiolytics ...
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vote
1answer
88 views
Where are doxycycline's anti-inflammatory properties derived from?
I have been looking at this antibiotic called doxycycline which is used mainly as an antibiotic. It has however some interesting anti-inflammatory properties. Does anyone know where these ...
1
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0answers
67 views
What's the therapeutic index of Pethidine (Meperidine in the US)?
What's the therapeutic index $\left(\frac{LD_{50}}{ED_{50}}\right)$ of Pethidine (Meperidine in the US) via the intravenous route for humans or whatever species you can find? The therapeutic window ...
3
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1answer
52 views
Do serotonergic (5-HT2A-mediated) psychedelics elicit stimulant effects?
I know that 5-HT2A partial agonism is the key mechanism of action of serotonergic psychedelics but I also know that some research (e.g. the selective (no activity on any other known receptor sites) ...
1
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1answer
51 views
Does the NMDA antagonist, Memantine that's used to prevent Excitotoxicity cause brain damage?
Does the NMDA antagonist, Memantine that's used to prevent excitotoxicity in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB) cause brain damage? I know that in rodents NMDA antagonists ...
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2answers
75 views
Which range are the Therapeutic Indices of Currently-Prescribed Benzodiazepines in?
A compound's therapeutic index is defined as:
$$TI = \frac{LD_{50}}{ED_{50}}$$
What range are the therapeutic indices of benzodiazepines in? For the method of administration I would prefer ...
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0answers
13 views
Which classes of drugs (filed by their pharmacology) induce a release of beta-endorphin?
Which classes of drugs (filed by their binding sites) induce a release of $\beta$-endorphin? I know of agonists of the nAChRs and 5-HT1A and ethanol. Are there any others?
Please cite journal ...
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0answers
48 views
How do Opioids Stimulate a Histamine Release?
Histamine is a neurotransmitter that also has peripheral functions such as the regulation of gastric acid secretions, allergic responses, etc. I know that opioids stimulate a release of histamine but ...
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0answers
16 views
Which mixed opioid agonist/antagonist are approved for Human Use in Europe and/or the USA?
Which mixed opioid agonist/antagonist are approved for Human Use in Europe and/or the USA? I know of:
Buprenorphine
Butorphanol
Nalbuphine
Pentazocine
Are there any others? If so I would like you ...
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0answers
17 views
Do Benzodiazepines Posses Analgesic effects Distinct from their Amnesic and Sedative effects?
Benzodiazepines are defined by their chemical structure (they contain both a benzene ring and a diazepine group), but they also have a pharmacological profile in common: they bind to the ...
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0answers
25 views
Do SSRIs downregulate or upregulate the 5-HT3 receptor?
What effect do SSRIs have on the expression of the ligand-gated ion channel, the 5-HT3 receptor?
3
votes
0answers
49 views
How does the eugeroic modafinil work?
How does the drug, modafinil (Provigil), exert its eugeroic (wakefulness-promoting) effects? I've read that it works by increasing dopamine and histamine concentrations in the CNS and by serving as a ...
4
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0answers
32 views
Do mammals develop tolerance to anticholinergics?
I know that first generation H1 antagonists, commonly known as antihistamines have anticholinergic effects. Their sedative side effects go away due to tolerance, but as for their anticholinergic side ...
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vote
1answer
82 views
How does toluene inhalation damage the brain?
We just had a discussion about toluene abuse. It is known, that people inhaling toluene for a long time have significant brain damage, including decreased intelligence.
I found that toluene is a ...
19
votes
2answers
3k views
If a human takes antibiotics are all bacteria in the body killed?
From my basic understanding, antibiotics kill living things, bacteria for example.
Do the antibiotics consumed by a human-being distinguish between what they kill? Or do they just kill every bacteria ...
3
votes
2answers
270 views
Why is Paracetamol so great?
Every time I get ill (cold, flu etc) I take a couple of these wonderful tablets for up to 4 times a day and I, eventually, get better. What exactly is paracetamol? Why is it so effective and is it ...
6
votes
1answer
396 views
Why do vaccines cause your arm to hurt?
When you get a shot for a vaccine (for example, the annual flu vaccine), the nurse frequently indicates that your arm will ache for a day or two, maybe more. This ache is typically not just a pain ...
7
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1answer
109 views
Making penicillin using animals - specifically, a goat
In the scifi novel Lucifer's Hammer, one of the characters (a biologist, if I remember correctly) finds himself in a post-apocalyptic world and tries to make penicillin to save his own life. To do ...
3
votes
2answers
164 views
Why is Botulinum toxin the most potent poison known?
Botulinum toxin (trade name Botox) inhibits acetylcholine release in neurons and causes botulism, an acute paralytic disease which leads to nerve degeneration and takes a long time to recover. I've ...
9
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3answers
741 views
Is it better to take a half dose of paracetamol and a half dose of ibuprofen together rather than a full dose of either?
Recently, I heard on this health-related radio programme that it was better to take a half dose of paracetamol and a half dose of ibuprofen together, rather than the full dose of either one, for acute ...
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1answer
1k views
Why does Penicillin only affect bacterial cell walls
I was quite fascinated by the feature Should Science Pull the Trigger on Antiviral Drugs—That Can Blast the Common Cold? in this month's Wired magazine.
They explain that Penicillin is effective at ...
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0answers
102 views
How do the pharmacodynamics of the NSAIDs differ and are there “resistant” COX phenotypes?
I know that the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (e.g., aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen) affect the enzymes cyclooxygenase (types I and II).
Is there any difference in the degree to which these ...
4
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1answer
236 views
Conversion rate of topical Retinol to Retinoic Acid (Tretinoin)?
I'm wondering if someone out there has more information than me. Retinoids have well known metabolic pathways in vivo, and it's usually something like: ...
2
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0answers
115 views
Are inflammation and anxiety connected?
I've been reading a curious paper about the use of cannabis, and one of the passages piqued my interest:
There’s also been a lot of work done on another constituent of
marijuana, cannabinoid, ...
