Questions tagged [transcription]

The process that produces a complementary strand of RNA from a section of DNA or (rarely) other RNA.

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Transcription by RNA polymerase in absence of inducer and activator

Does the presence of activator(CAP-cAMP complex) and inducer(lactose) only increase the likelihood that a particular gene(here operon) gets transcribed, i.e increases the rate of transcription of that ...
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Mechanism of RNA synthesis by RNA polymerase [closed]

I want to study the mechanism involved in RNA polymerase's catalysis in E.coli. Things like: How does it bind to the promoter? How does it unwind the DNA? How does each component of the enzyme ...
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Are enhancers and silencers considered as epigenetic modifications?

Are enhancers and silencers considered as epigenetic modifications? I am confused as it seems like enhancers and silencers are sequences on the DNA and how they work is through binding with proteins, ...
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1 answer
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What regulates production of first transcription factors during development?

In my biochemistry class, we learned that transcription factors regulate the transcription of genes. However, transcription factors are also coded by genes, so what activates the transcription of ...
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2 answers
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Is there selection against long proteins and long genes?

Background thought Titin and TTN Titin is the largest protein in the human genome with 33423 amino acids. Titin is coded by the gene TTN that must be at least $3 \cdot 33423 \approx 100kb$ long. ...
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Making sense out of the visual representation of transcription

Most people are familiar with the following diagram. Some genomic DNA with a promoter region, exons and introns. This is transcribed into RNA that is then translated into a polypeptide. When we look ...
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Are all prokaryotic promotor regions the same, or do they differ depending on the product of the transcript?

Are all prokaryotic promotor regions the same or do they differ depending on the protein encoded by the mRNA being transcribed? What I am thinking is that if activator proteins are a method of ...
2 votes
1 answer
877 views

What is the transcriptome in layman's term?

I am new to the bioinformatics field and am trying to understand a research paper that includes some terminology without definitions. The term transcriptome in particular is banded around in the ...
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Relationship between DNA strands and mRNA

Does the sense strand or antisense strand of DNA code for the polypeptide product? I'm confused because I know the antisense strand is the template for mRNA but it has anti codons so I do not know how ...
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Does prokaryotic transcription have activators / enhancer regions involved?

I am designing a biosensor, and I need to know whether prokaryotic transcription involves or can involve (if a gene needs to be regulated) enhancer regions. Also, where are enhancer regions located (...
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1 answer
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How would one determine whether a chemical will upregulate a certain class of proteins?

I'm trying to determine whether certain organic chemicals will upregulate classes of proteins that possess deacylase activity.  How would I go about this experiment? I'm assuming I would use some ...
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Multiple start and stop codons in mRNA and pre-mRNA [duplicate]

I have a main question that will lead to further questions depending upon the answer. In the process of transcription, will there be multiple start and stop codons in one sequence of pre-mRNA? If ...
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Do transcripts always start and end with exons?

I realized that in all cases of "RefSeq Genes" annotations of hg19 I looked at spliced transcripts start (and end) with an exon. From the annotation there is no evidence of any sequence upstream or ...
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Deducing amino acid sequence from a DNA sequence

The suggested answer to the question is the following: "M L S C D K S D Stop". I do not understand how they get that result. The question is as follows: An RNA polymerase transcribes the following ...
2 votes
3 answers
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Relationship of the DNA of a eukaryotic gene to the 5'-UTR of its mRNA

In eukaryote pre-mRNA I am having a little trouble grasping exactly what the 5 prime untranslated region is defined as. It seems that it could be defined as the difference in pre-mRNA between the ...
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Why don't housekeeping genes have TATA Box regions in their promoter sequences?

Housekeeping genes are genes that are continuously transcribed. Like all other genes they have promoter sequences, but they don't have TATA box sequences that are used to specify from where ...
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Hydrogen bonding and the blocking thereof in nucleic acids during nuclear processes

In transcription, RNA polymerase unwinds the DNA double helix and begins attaching RNA nucleotides to the template strand. In its wake, the DNA double helix closes back—this is only natural, seeing as ...
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Why is there no U3 snRNP in the spliceosome complex of transcription initiation?

snRNP U1,U2,U4,U5,U6 are present in the spliceosome but there is no mention of U3.
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2 answers
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identifying which SNPs sit in TFBS (Yeast)

i have a set of ~11k SNPs for Saccharomyces cerevisiae, baker's yeast and i would like to identify which ones of these sit in transcription factor binding sites and if they do information on the ...
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Is DNA transcription inactive during mitosis ie no proteins are made? How does the cell survive?

I've read that during mitosis, DNA exists as heterochromatin, a form that is unable to be accessed for transcription. Does this mean no new proteins are made during what can be 20% of a cell's life? ...
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1 answer
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TSS of a gene vs TSS of a transcript

I have an annotation from gencode.vM1.annotation of a mouse. Exons, genes, transcripts and UTR are listed there. For each feature a start and end positions are present. I need to find a TSS for each ...
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TFBS predictions for yeast and pombe?

Are there any resources out there for TFBS (transcription factor binding site) predictions for the yeast (S. cerevisiae) and S. pombe genomes? Even if these are only de novo predictions, I would like ...
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1 answer
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Time needed for transcription of DNA [closed]

How much time would it take to complete the transcription of an average-sized human gene?
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How does RNA polymerase achieve higher processivity?

DNA polymerase uses a sliding clamp in order to replicate DNA. RNA polymerase does not require one. What allows RNA polymerase to hold on to DNA just like DNA polymerase?
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Transcription of Genes: Are Specific Transcription Factors + Enhancers Necessary?

I learned about transcription in my AP Biology class and we discussed how transcription occurs, but I was wondering whether transcription always requires the enhancers, activators (specific ...
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ATP required for cell processes [closed]

I haven't been able to find anything that tells me how much ATP is needed for DNA replication, transcription, and translation in humans, just papers that mention ATP used in those processes. I need ...
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General transcription factors vs. DNA Binding transcription factors

I know that DNA binding transcription factors are trans-acting, but what about general transcription factors? Are they cis or trans acting?
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Transcription when Chromosomes are Condensed

Are genes transcribed just as well when chromosomes are condensed? I want to design a screen that depends on genes not transcribed when chromosomes are condensed (to identify cells that can't ...
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Will bacterial promoter without either -10 or -35 sequence allow no transcription?

I have a strong constitutive promoter on a plasmid inside of E.Coli, which expresses a gene. Having either -10 or -35 sequence modified to random sequence, will it ensure zero transcription from that ...
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How does the MET gene work and what happens when the promoter region gets mutated?

I am doing research on inherited risk of Autism Spectrum Disorders(ASD) due to common Copy Number Variants(CNVs) One of the mutations is the 'CC' variant of Rs1858830 in the promoter region of the MET ...
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What was the first gene(s) found to code for ncRNA

I could not find a source that states what the first gene found to code for ncRNA was. Someone told me, however, it was a gene that coded for either rRNA or tRNA. To this point in time I have had no ...
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Multiple transcripts encoding for one protein

Trying to get a better understanding of the process of DNA to proteins. So when we have a gene, it is read from the 5' to 3' end, only translating the exons to mRNAs. A single gene can have multiple ...
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1 answer
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What is the spacing between stop codon and transcription terminator?

When one tries to express a protein from a synthetic plasmid in E. coli, how many base pairs should there be between stop codon and the transcription terminator site?
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Mutation That Loses Stop Codon

Someone asked this in my class and my instructor wasn't sure in her answer, doesn't anyone know what happens in protein synthesis if a mutation causes mRNA to not possess a stop codon? Would the ...
3 votes
1 answer
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Is RNA polymerase affected by proteins bound to the coding sequence of a gene?

I am designing a synthetic gene construct to express genes in E. coli driven by either Ptet or PLacO. The construct would look like: -Ptet-(Gene1)-PLacO-(Gene2)- I want to express each gene using ...
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Are upstream activating factor (UAF) and upstream binding factor (UBF) the same thing?

During ribosome pre-40S and pre-60S synthesis, many sources state the importance of UAF or UBF in initiation complex of ribosome DNA transcription. None of the sources I've seen mentions the other ...
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Stop codons and exons?

If we had a hypotheical gene called gene exampleGene and this gene had 5 exons, labeled A, B, C, D, and E in that order on the chromosome, could it be the case that the stop codon for this gene be on ...
6 votes
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How predictably will RNA polymerase not transcribe repetitive sequences?

I am working on an (expensive) synthetic construct, which happens to have many "repetitive" sequences within it that are integral to its function. Primarily, the two sequences that are worrying me are:...
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2 answers
352 views

Modularity of transcription factors

I attended a seminar about neurogenesis that presented results for PAX6 as an important TF that contains 3 domains with very distinct patterns of downstream expression. The speaker ended up saying ...
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Why is 5S-rRNA is different from other rRNAs in place of transcription and usage of RNA polymerase?

While transcription of rRNAs happens in nucleolus mediated by RNA Polymerase-I, we see that 5S-rRNA is transcribed elsewhere by RNA Polymerase-III. What is the cause and why?
5 votes
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Location of TFBS in genome

I have an annotated set of SNPs and I would like to explore the difference in the binding affinity of the transcription factor (TF) if I have a SNP in my locus. As my SNPs are annotated (I know wether ...
3 votes
2 answers
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RNA polymerase question

In this question we are examining a bacterial RNA polymerase that elongates at 20 codons per second. Question 1: How long will this RNA polymerase take to transcribe the Lac Z gene at 3510 base pairs? ...
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1 answer
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Are both (partial) copies of DNA transcribed in S and G2 phases of cell cycle?

For a little less than half the cell cycle, a significant number of genes are represented twice (just before dividing). Does the cell differentiate between these DNA in any way or are transcription ...
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Link between macro lncRNA and DNA looping

I was wondering if anybody knows some publication about macro lncRNA (very long unspliced RNAs) or more generally a transcribed RNA that may lead to cis-DNA looping of genomic regions overlapped by ...
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1 answer
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How do biologists infer correct ORF of a DNA sequence?

Each DNA (RNA) sequence has 6 possible Open Reading Frames(ORF). My question is: What are the theoretical bases of in vitro or in silico tries to find correct reading frame of a sequence? Is it just ...
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Are there U-rich transcriptional pause sites?

I've heard a statement in a talk that U-rich sequences cause transcriptional pausing. The intuitive explanation for this was that the UTP concentration is lower in the cell than the ATP concentration. ...
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Why are most transcription factors enhancing the expression rather than repressing?

One can classify the effects of Transcription Factors (TF) on gene expression into two types: it either enhance or repress the gene expression. I have always been told that most of transcription ...
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On which strand does the promoter sit?

My book keeps giving different indicators as to whether the promoters are on the coding or template strand. It says the -35 region in prokaryotes must be on the coding strand. It also mentions, that ...
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1 answer
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Number of transcription factor genes in the human genome

What is the number of the transcription factor genes present in the human genome? Does this value differ compared to Mus musculus, Drosophila melanogaster, Arabidopsis thaliana, C. elegans and S. ...
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1 answer
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Mechanism of Muscle Growth

According to this video (sorry for the poor reference but it represents my level of understanding in physiology), muscle grow as a consequence of repairing micro-lesions. How are these micro-lesions ...