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It looks to me (although I'd want to use a microscope to check) like the black dots are xylem. When you cut the fruit, you've severed the xylem and also exposed the flat surface. Three main things have then happened: The increased surface area has led to the 'fleshy' part of the fruit contracting as the cells dehydrate. The stiffer, lignified xylem tubes ...

I'm guessing that what they mean by 'maximize nutrition' for digestion is that they are assuming that the cells are broken open. This would make the co-factors we call vitamins, protein and sugars freely available to the digestive system and more easily absorbed. I think it is a marketing literature claim, though the blender may have some valid ...

To answer your question of what the gas is, how about the glowing splint test for oxygen! I guess it might work with a recently snuffed out match too. Cut a plug in the the pepper but leave it in place until you have the glowing match ready, then quickly open the plug and hold the match into the opening. It should relight if it is oxygen and you may hear a ...

Pumpkins, squashes in general, grow on vines, while apples grow on trees. Vines are fast growing and trees are not. Zucchini can be quite large; cucumbers, too. Pears, plums, peaches and other tree fruits do have a reduced variation in fruit size. While I do not know the answer to your question, my background in plant biology tells me that this is an ...