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You can try SB (sodium boric acid), LA (lithum acetate) or LB (lithium boric acid) buffers. Thex generate must less heat then TAE or TBE buffers and can be run on much higher voltages and are much cheaper than TAE or TBE. Also they do not interfere with standard applications such as band excision and they last longer. For more info try this sites: ...

As I understand, you are confused how one would be sure that a band in a gel is the sequence one is looking for, seeing as sequences can be different and still have the same length (e.g. ACTTAT is the same length as GGCCGT but entirely different). So your actual question might rather be something like "How does one ascertain that a gel band contains only the ...

The answer to the part of your question concerned with average lengths of restriction fragments is: if the DNA molecule being digested is of random sequence, and is 50% GC/ 50% AT, then the probability of finding any given short sequence at any position is 1/4N where N is the length of the short sequence. So, for example for a restriction enzyme with a ...

You are correct: strands of the same length do not necessarily have the same sequence. The separation of DNA in gel electrophoresis is purely based on the hydrodynamic size. The number of fragments produced by restriction enzyme digestion depends on the number of sites for that particular enzyme in your input DNA. Restriction enzymes only cut at specific ...