Hot answers tagged molecular-biology
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There are both chemical and electrical synapses in many organisms. The electrical synapses are called gap junctions.
As you point out, the primary advantage of gap junctions is their speed, and they are commonly used in systems involving defensive reflexes.
However, as AndroidPenguin indicates, chemical synapses allow for greater computational abilities ...
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It's hard to know what RNaseZap does since the ingredients list is a trade secret. However, I expect it is a lot more than just detergent. RNaseA is extremely hard to destroy; moreover it can easily renature once the denaturant is removed. Therefore, very minute quantities are sufficient to annihilate RNA experiments. The historical method of purification ...
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Reverse transcriptase (and most other commercial enzymes these days) is made recombinantly, then purified to varying degrees, using varying methods, among different suppliers (and sometimes between different lots from the same supplier). Some enzymes actually have multiple functional units combined in a complex, others may require a post-translation ...
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This is the coolest part. Those synapses are the reason the brain is so complex! Basically you've got the first part right, the neurones are quicker and they transmit messages from one end to the other. The other thing you have to do is analyse and calculate. Signals from multiple neurones feed into a single neurone using a chemical synapse. Similarly the ...
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The v short answer is that in shotgun sequencing, the sequencer is fed a set of random sequences from the target. This can be done for instance by mechanically shearing DNA and then building a set of shotgun sequencing jobs which are then compiled back together by a genome assembler (i.e. in whole genome sequencing projects) into a full sequence.
In ...
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RNAses are enzymes, and there are various ways to inactivate them. Unfortunately, RNAses are rather stable proteins and autoclaving doesn't completely kill their activity. The common methods to inactivate are unspecific methods that will destroy any enzymes, either through covalent modification or degradation.
The most common methods for RNAse inactivation ...
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The Ambion's RNAseZAP is not a detergent but contains chemicals that denature RNAse, the step of rinsing with water is necessary in order to clean up the chemicals as well as the denatured proteins left.
It is highly recommended as it completely wipes out the RNAse and the experiment can be run safely. No need to risk time, money and samples.
So, to sum up, ...
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Knockdown of lncRNA in mammals is not done via RNAi. Instead, one transfers antisense DNA oligos which bind to the RNA. This triggers the action of the RNase H enzyme, which degrades RNA-DNA duplexes. It degrades the lncRNA.
UPDATE: For reference, I learned about this from a seminar, and it is not very well documented, but after some literature search I ...
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Nuclear RNAi happens.. check these articles:
http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v14/n2/execsumm/nrg3355.html
http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/11/07/nar.gkr891.full
Also there is some evidence that Ago2 binds to lncRNAs.
However, you can employ other techniques to knock down lncRNAs for e.g. ribozymes.
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In the Sanger approach, DNA would be isolated from the biopsy and would contain both normal alleles and mutant alleles of genes associated with the development of the tumour. If, for example, PCR amplification was then used to derive a sample of a target template region, this material would end up being sequenced as a mixed population: the derived sequence ...
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This stage is after the adsorption of the adapter-ligated fragments on the flow cells.
The fragments are isothermally amplified to generate clusters [1]. The exact nature of the enzyme mix that catalyses this step is not disclosed by Illumina. I assume it must be similar to Helicase mediated isothermal amplification, which uses helicase and single ...
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Phenol absorbs at 230 nm, this is the most likely contamination in your case. You should try to avoid pipetting from the phenol phase, or use a phase lock gel to make this easier. I assume you washed it a few times with pure chloroform after the phenol/chloroform mixture, that should help to get rid of the phenol.
I only precipitate my RNA with 1-1.5 ...
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Scientists are recently finding (or coming to accept the notion) that, at least in eukaryotes, mRNA expression is poorly correlated to protein expression. There are several factors influencing translation regulation, such as siRNA or microRNAs, sequestering mRNAs while they are transported to various cell compartments, and others. Even after the protein is ...
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