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There are both chemical and electrical synapses in many organisms. The electrical synapses are called gap junctions. As you point out, the primary advantage of gap junctions is their speed, and they are commonly used in systems involving defensive reflexes. However, as AndroidPenguin indicates, chemical synapses allow for greater computational abilities ...

This is the coolest part. Those synapses are the reason the brain is so complex! Basically you've got the first part right, the neurones are quicker and they transmit messages from one end to the other. The other thing you have to do is analyse and calculate. Signals from multiple neurones feed into a single neurone using a chemical synapse. Similarly the ...

I think this book (The Story of Life, Southwood) would be just what you are looking for - it was one of my modules during my undergrad in Evolution and I think it touches on the basic geology too. It is quite an easy ready but covers the material pretty well, it also has good reviews on Amazon etc.

If sufficient time has elapsed, there will be a large number of transversions present between the original base and the final state. The initial state will therefore not matter. Say, you flip (turn over, not toss) a coin at random intervals. For short time and few flips, the initial state will matter. But if you go on flipping it for millenia, the final ...