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I found an oldish paper on this topic (from 1994). Here's a summary: Determination of the optimal aligned spacing between the Shine-Dalgarno sequence and the translation initiation codon of Escherichia coli mRNAs. by Chen, Bjerknes, Kumar, & Jay. Nucleic Acids Research. (1994) Experiment The authors constructed a series of synthetic RBS regions that ...

Actually, the start codon, no matter whether it is AUG or GUG/UGG, always encodes for Met. So the translation is initiated by tRNAfMet (prokaryotic translation). The 30s ribosome subunit binds to the Shine-Dalgarno sequence and then it scans the dowstream mRNA sequence for AUG and the tRNA loaded with Met, which has the CAU anticodon form the most stable ...

Here's an example in which the ribosome is fixed: During co-translational translocation, the ribosome is essentially anchored onto the ER membrane through the Sec61 complex. It certainly cannot move along the mRNA. The mRNA is fed through the ribosome and the nascent peptide traverses into the ER lumen.

The NCBI translation table translates all alternative start sites as methionines. To my understanding, all translation is initiated by the fMet-tRNA. I don't know if there are any exceptions to this rule. Regarding translation efficiency, I only found a 1985 paper in PNAS (Reddy et al, PNAS 82:5656-60), in which they compared the translation efficiency of ...

As you pointed out, the repressor gene lacI is transcribed as a one mRNA, and three structural genes: lacZ, lacY and lacA are transcribed into a single polycistronic mRNA. The two mRNAs are translated independently of one another. The polycisronic mRNA is not broken into pieces. Rather, it is translated by ribosomes (at least three, explanation below), ...

Translational coupling describes in how some cases an mRNA will code from more than one protein (i.e. will be polycistronic). Translational coupling is thought to be mostly used as a way to make a set of genes are translated at roughly the same amount in the cell. Translational coupling is very common in prokaryotes and nearly half of e coli genes are ...

The ribosome moves relative to the mRNA by, in effect, pulling itself along it. If both the ribosome and the mRNA are freely floating and not attached to anything else (as in jp89's answer), the relative amount of movement should depend on their relative masses. (Actually, it also depends on how much drag each of them experiences with respect to the ...

Movement is relative. The real events happening in translation are the conformational changes of ribosome makes itself continuous reading the base sequentially. Please refer the biochemistry textbook or cell biology textbook. Indeed, if the ribosome is anchored, you may say the mRNA is moving.

Since the sequence starts with an initiation codon and ends with a stop codon I think it's safe to conclude that this is the coding strand. The coding strand has the same sequence as the transcribed RNA (except T>U). This is because it is the other strand of the DNA that is the template for the synthesis of an RNA. The RNA is indeed made 5'>3', but the ...

As far as I can tell from the paper you linked to (Damiana et al) it is possible but inefficient: Naturally, we tried to translate ssDNA, but as previously described elsewhere, direct DNA translation was not really efficient in absence of antibiotics such as neomycin [5] and [6]. It seemed that the elongation phase was the limiting step in the ...

Sorry, but you started on the right track. What you're looking for is called the central dogma of protein synthesis. Genomic DNA is transcribed in the nucleus into messenger RNA (mRNA) by RNA polymerase. RNA polymerase is DNA-dependent; it needs a DNA template to make an RNA version of the message. The messenger RNA moves into the cytoplasm where it gets ...

The mRNA moves during translation. It is essentially threaded through the ribosome. This has been known ever since polyribosomes were discovered; see paper here. Polyribosomes are a cluster of ribosomes that read a series of mRNA molecules. Often, the ribosomes in a polyribosome will be translating the same mRNA.