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I wonder why Rhesus conflict can happen during pregnancy and mother can make antibodies against Rh protein (I think the correct name is D protein), but it doesn't happen if mother has different ABO type than the child?

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It happens, but it is very rare.

Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies are IgM type. They do no cross the placenta. Sometimes IgG can be produced and lead to the hemolytic disease of the newborn.

Anti-D antibodies are IgG type and can pass through the placenta.

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