Does anyone know of any papers showing how Gram positive Fermiculates or Actinobacteria use a H+ gradient for an F-type ATPase, It seems impossible since there is no outer LPS membrane to maintain the protons in a periplasmic space. Is the use of ATPase for production of ATP exclusively a Gram negative thing?
I found this question "Production of ATP in Lactobacilli" but no answers: https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/14669/production-of-atp-in-lactobacilli