Effect of single nucleotide deletion or insertion on primer annealing

Question

How is primer annealing, and, consequently, PCR amplification affected by single nucleotide deletion or insertion inside the primer ?

Imagine a primer like this:
GCGTCATAAAGGGGACGTG (primer)
and the corresponding part of template DNA has one G missing, so it looks like this:
GCGTCATAAAGGGACGTG (template).

The possible pairing could be
GCGTCATAAAGGGGACGTG primer
GCGTCATAAA_GGGACGTG template
or
GCGTCATAAAGGGGACGTG primer
GCGTCATAAAGGG_ACGTG template
or anything in between.

Is it possible that amplification with such primer would be completely disrupted in normal real time PCR at 60°C annealing? Could this completely disrupt the amplification?

If the mismatch was substitution-like, I would be pretty confident, the primer would be still functional and amplification would occur. In the extreme case, it would be at least residual amplification at late Ct. There are a lot of data, how substitution mismatches affect primers and I also have a lot of personal experience with that.

Unfortunately, the deletion mismatches are less studied plus googleproof. The only indication I have found is this work:
Lipsky RH, Mazzanti CM, Rudolph JG, Xu K, Vyas G, Bozak D, et al. DNA melting analysis for detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms. Clin Chem. 2001;47:635-44.
In that work, single nucleotide deletion had similar or lower affect on melting temperature than substitution mismatch. But it was about longer oligos. Examples:
Effect of deletion:
133 bp fragment, 67 % GC, deletion SNP at position 43, delta Tm (homo-hetero duplex) = 1.2°C
Effects of substitutions:
152 bp fragment, 43 % GC, substitution T to C at position 68, delta Tm (homo-hetero duplex) = 0.9°C
100 bp fragment, 41 % GC, substitution T to C at position 42, delta Tm (homo-hetero duplex) = 1.4°C
163 bp fragment, 60 % GC, substitution C to T at position 86, delta Tm (homo-hetero duplex) = 2.2°C
110 bp fragment, 59 % GC, substitution G to A at position 66, delta Tm (homo-hetero duplex) = 3.8°C

Questions:
1. Can you recommend me literature about how deletion mismatches inside (not at the very end of !!!) primers affect annealing and PCR ?
2. Would You guess the primer in my example would be still functional , at least partly, or would You expect no amplification at all ?

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EDIT after your inputs:
This online application " mfold.rna.albany.edu/?q=DINAMelt/Two-state-melting " thinks, deletion mismatches are more destabilising than substitutions, at least for short primers. For my own example, it calculated delta Tm (homo-hetero duplex) = 12.9°C . If I try substitution mismatches instead, delta Tm (homo-hetero duplex) is in interval 3,8°C to 5,7°C.

New question
If you have experience as similar as possible to my case, which is 19 nt long primer with single nucleotide deletion in the comlementary template at position cca 6 - 9 from 3' primer end, annealing temperature used at 60°C, please let me know if You achieved amplification or not. Please, give me a respective reference, if you have it, so I will quote it in my review :-) .

Also, I am still interested in general info, as long as the topic is narrow enough to be about single nucleotide deletions or insertions in primers. (Not substitution mismatches).

Answer 1

We used this kind of primers to generate out of frame mutations or to add additional bases. In my experience your PCR will work (probably a a lower efficiency) and you will get a product with an additional base. We used primers with bigger differences in PCR based site directed mutagenesis of plasmids, there up to 10 bases didn't match but the primers where also longer. For single nucleotide mismatches (either + or - one base) we used primers around this size.

Regarding the literature, this publications might be useful:

• A guide to the design and use of mismatched and degenerate primers
• Effects of primer-template mismatches on the polymerase chain reaction: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 model studies
• The Effects of Internal Primer-Template Mismatches on RT-PCR: HIV-1 Model Studies
• Effect of primer mismatch, annealing temperature and PCR cycle number on 16S rRNA gene-targetting bacterial community analysis

Especially the first publication contains a lot of other interestings references.

Answer 2

Adding another reference. This group looks at the effect of different mismatches (e.g. A>T vs A>G) and also looks at positional effects.

Our results show that single mismatches instigate a broad variety of effects, ranging from minor (<1.5 cycle threshold, eg, A–C, C–A, T–G, G–T) to severe impact (>7.0 cycle threshold, eg, A–A, G–A, A–G, C–C) on PCR amplification. A clear relationship between specific mismatch types, position, and impact was found.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2797725/