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Increasing extracellular KCl is often a way to depolarize neurons in experiments.

My understanding is that increasing K+ extracellular concentration changes K+ reversal potential to more positive values and hence depolarises the neuron as the open leaky potassium channels will lead to influx of K+ into the neuron. Is this correct?

However, this explanation does not take into account Cl- ions.

How can this be explained in terms of Goldman equation?

Also, how does intracellular injection of KCl affect neuron membrane potential as compared to extracellular KCl application? In patch clamp experiments, often the pipette is loaded with KCl and injected into neurons that leads to depolarization. How can this be explained?

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    $\begingroup$ Cl does not play an important role in membrane depolarization and AP. Chloride channels are not very common in neurons (unlike K⁺, Na⁺ and Ca²⁺ channels) and therefore play a minor role. However there are reports of chloride channels that can regulate excitability of neurons $\endgroup$ – WYSIWYG Oct 5 '16 at 11:25
  • $\begingroup$ Yes. But how can you explain this in terms of changes in electrochemical driving force and derive from Nernst/Goldman equations? $\endgroup$ – NeuG Oct 5 '16 at 15:13
  • $\begingroup$ Well. It essentially means membrane has a low permeability for chloride and therefore it (Cl0 does not diffuse much. Therefore its contribution in membrane potential (described by GHK equations) would be less. $\endgroup$ – WYSIWYG Oct 6 '16 at 4:57
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Membrane potential (measured electrophysiologically, or calculated using the Goldman equation) depends on two things: concentrations and permeabilities. In the Goldman equation you see this directly: concentrations multiplied by permeability, in both the numerator and denominator.

If the membrane is not permeable to an ion (PIon=0), that ion will not affect the reversal potential. In a typical resting neuron, in the absence of any synaptic activity, Chloride conductance is near zero compared to ions like potassium.

I'm not as clear what you are asking about patch clamp experiments, I will try to just describe the process and hopefully that helps.

In a whole-cell patch clamp, the inside of the cell is continuous with the patch pipette solution, which usually contains high concentrations of potassium, like the normal intracellular environment. This is done on purpose, to try to record from cells in the most natural condition that can be replicated simply.

During the process of making a whole-cell recording, however, the experimenter has to first place a patch pipette down near the cell. While doing this, some solution is leaking out of the pipette and increasing extracellular potassium concentrations, which can depolarize surrounding cells. So, patch quickly my friends, you are making it uncomfortable for everybody before you make a good seal.

(the process would be similar for inside-in patches; for on-cell or inside-out patches, one would use different ionic concentrations in the pipette to mimic the extracellular space, or these would vary depending on the exact experiment performed)

edit: Just wanted to note that a statement in your question is mostly wrong; "the pipette is loaded with KCl and injected into neurons that leads to depolarization" - KCl inside a cell would not depolarize that cell, unless the concentration of K+ was lower than the typical K+ concentration of the cell, in which case you would probably have other issues and a dead cell from osmolarity problems.

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