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Puffer fish is known for having a anti-predation defense mechanism of having toxin-exuding spikes.

Are there predators which evolved specifically to prey on puffer fish? (presumably, by evolving immunity to the toxin)?

I know that sharks eat them, but I doubt sharks evolved to be immune specifically to puffer fish toxin, since their evolutionary development preceded puffer fish's.

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Wikipedia has some revealing information here:

Not all puffers are necessarily poisonous; Takifugu oblongus, for example, is a fugu puffer that is not poisonous, and toxin level varies wildly even in fish that are. A puffer's neurotoxin is not necessarily as toxic to other animals as it is to humans, and puffers are eaten routinely by some species of fish, such as lizardfish and tiger sharks. Also, Japanese fish farmers have grown nonpoisonous puffers by controlling their diet.

It seems that susceptibility to tetrodotoxin varies a lot from one animal to another, and so some natural variation might allow a reasonable amount of predation to occur. I also wonder whether the variation in the amount of toxin in the fish implies that the fish are often depleted.

There are cases of animals who have evolved a resistance to Tetrodotoxin, but for the most part its may the predators you are thinking of. The toxin is synthesized by a symbiotic bacteria and is found not only in fugu but also blue-ringed octopus, rough-skinned newts and some sea slugs. These animals probably all began with enough intrinsically low sensitivity to the toxin to take on the symbiont and probably evolved to be completely insensitive. To find a predator that would have co-evolved a similar resistance you would look for a predator that particularly favors the envenomed animal. In the case of the rough skinned newt, its suspected that the common garter snake is an example of such co-evolution. Others may be out there to discover - its probably difficult to watch marine animals to know what their typical predators are.

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  • $\begingroup$ I'm curious if some predator evolved to be immune to the toxin. Is there some data on whether those species that pray on pufferfish evolved this way, or is that purely an accident of environment, as is the case with sharks - which decidedly did NOT evolve to deal with pufferfish? $\endgroup$
    – DVK
    Feb 25, 2013 at 5:48
  • $\begingroup$ Added a note on that... $\endgroup$
    – shigeta
    Feb 25, 2013 at 12:53
  • $\begingroup$ thanks @DVK I should add that its also possible that Fugu could be a small enough player in its environment so that no predator has selectively pursued it. It depends on the likeliyhood that an animal can be susceptible to the toxin and how many sources of food there are for those predators in the environment. $\endgroup$
    – shigeta
    Feb 25, 2013 at 17:13
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I know there are species of sea snakes that actually aren't bothered by the puffer fish's toxins! So they will eat them easily because puffer fish are extremely slow swimmers. Besides that sharks are the only other species, in specific Tiger Sharks don't have any consequences to consuming pufferfish.

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    $\begingroup$ Can you provide citations for the content in this post? Otherwise it may be deleted. $\endgroup$
    – Bryan Krause ♦
    Dec 2, 2021 at 20:12
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    $\begingroup$ It would be an excellent answer with linked references. $\endgroup$
    – Jiminy Cricket.
    Dec 2, 2021 at 21:02

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