A student asked me this the other day and I thought that I would ask it again here. If one organism is said to be "more evolved" than another, what exactly does this mean?
$\begingroup$
$\endgroup$
3
-
$\begingroup$ Just to be clear: are you specifically asking what “more evolved” means or what “evolved” (generally) means? $\endgroup$– Konrad RudolphApr 24, 2012 at 13:08
-
3$\begingroup$ politics, history and humanities uses this sense of the word evolved - as an improcement - more than biology does $\endgroup$– shigetaDec 7, 2013 at 15:57
-
$\begingroup$ Highly related: Are we “more evolved” than present-day bacteria? $\endgroup$– Remi.bMar 11, 2018 at 1:38
Add a comment
|
5 Answers
$\begingroup$
$\endgroup$
3
"More evolved" is actually meaningless in all contexts. See terdon's answer for a good explanation.
In the strictest sense, an organism can be said to be more divergent than another when comparing both to an outgroup, such that there is an inferred most common ancestor in reference to which to make the comparison. In this case, one organism is more divergent if there are more changes to this organism than the other, relative to the reference point.
However, when speaking, many people get lazy, and use "more evolved" as shorthand, wishing it to mean something like "more divergent". Even "more divergent" is meaningless in the following contexts:
- when there is no outgroup understood
- when describing increasing complexity (obligate parasites have lost complexity and have had more evolutionary changes than their non-parasitic relatives)
- when the outgroup is poorly chosen. Mammal vs reptile comparisons should not, in general, use prokaryotes as the outgroup.
Edited 2013/12/06 to reflect the precision in the answer by terdon.
-
$\begingroup$ Can you suggest sources about evolutionary comparative methods? $\endgroup$ Apr 23, 2012 at 4:43
-
3$\begingroup$ I disagree, your definition refers to more diverged evolved is not qualitative. You cannot be more or less evolved unless you are actually comparing generation numbers. $\endgroup$– terdonJun 2, 2013 at 17:00
-
$\begingroup$ Strongly agree/like this statement. Would also like to add: please emphasize teaching your students that evolution is not something that is worked towards, so much as naturally selected. I think heavy, heavy emphasis on natural selection is what you should explain, until your students demonstrate that they understand things "evolve" simply because they survive, and they survive if they are fit. $\endgroup$– HC_Dec 10, 2013 at 21:11
$\begingroup$
$\endgroup$
4
I cannot improve on Thomas Ingalls' description of when "more evolved" is appropriately used, but the inappropriate/lazy use of the phrase is so prevalent that it deserves further comment. In my experience, the most common use of the phrase "more evolved" is when describing the increased complexity of one organism versus another. This usage is not just meaningless, but wrong and harmful, and springs from a misunderstanding of what evolution implies. Evolution is emphatically not the same as increased complexity.
I try to avoid saying "more evolved" and tend to favor "more complex", "less simple" or "less primitive." "Primitive" has its own problems, since it sometimes brings with it the connotation of evolution (a "primitive eye" or "primitive nervous system" are common phrases), but it at least avoids an explicit misuse of "evolved."
-
$\begingroup$ “more complex” unfortunately suffers from similar problems. $\endgroup$ Apr 24, 2012 at 13:10
-
$\begingroup$ @KonradRudolph Do you mean that "more complex" has the same problems as "more evolved"? Or rather that it has the same problems as "more primitive"? Can you expand? What phrase do you prefer? I think "more complex" is very near to what people actually want to say when they use the term "more evolved." It does come with a bit of a value judgment about what complexity means, but I have a hard time thinking of a phrase that has much less baggage. If one is careful to specify the dimension, I think it can be reasonable to discuss the relative complexity of different systems. $\endgroup$– yamadApr 24, 2012 at 17:42
-
$\begingroup$ Well, the first question is: what is complex? Genome? Phenotype? Specifically, behaviour? And how do you measure complexity? Once you have agreed on that (but people don’t) – what does this actually tell us? In reality, not much. People just use it as they would “more evolved”. In reality, it makes much more sense to speak about specific features, not about an ill-defined, poorly-understood and not comparable whole. $\endgroup$ Apr 24, 2012 at 21:05
-
$\begingroup$ @KonradRudolph I agree with you in general, and I was not advocating using "more complex" when comparing whole organisms. But I stand by using "more complex" when discussing specific features. It's true that complexity is a flexible ill-defined concept, but at least a speaker can specify how they are using the phrase. I think it's important to have some way to express the concept of relative complexity, which is meaningful if defined for a particular domain/feature. $\endgroup$– yamadApr 24, 2012 at 21:37
$\begingroup$
$\endgroup$
There is no such thing as more or less evolved. At least not outside popular media. The only reasonable comparison one can make is comparing generation numbers. You could say that a species that has undergone X generations is less evolved than one that has undergone X*2 generations. It just doesn't mean much.
Evolved is not a quantitative term, you cannot really be more or less evolved than something else.
$\begingroup$
$\endgroup$
It is a phrase in common parlance without scientific meaning, fitting in the same category as devolved or devolution. It is as @terdon said:
There is no such thing as more or less evolved.
In a scientific context you should always find the evolutionary measure in question and the methods for quantifying that measure.
In a biological context the phrase would fail to find meaning, when evolution is a function of fitness. In such context fitness is inevitably tied to environmental parameters. The more complex these parameters, the more niches may be available for potential species, with temperature being one of the strongest factors (See: Effective evolutionary time Hypothesis ). Take this assertion with the necessary caution, as it is far outside my expertise.
Mostly I have come across the phrase more evolved in reference to large, tangible species, and also in science fiction.
Tell your student, to always be aware that in the end the unicellular species make life for us on this planet viable - we coevolved. But they also eventually consume/recycle us in one way or another, and surely will outlast us. It takes extreme effort and finesse for a large, energetic multicellular host to obtain, maintain and retain its niche on this planet. In all of the field of molecular biology there is nothing quite like Immunology.
For a mind experiment, let the student imagine soil with different pH, of the same plant species which equal seeding-times.
The outcome may be something as shown below. The phrase "more evolved" clearly fails to describe such a scenario of one generation of plant species, and hence is not suitable in an objective description of evolution.
Sidenote: Al3+-ions are toxic to plants, stuning root growth and phosphate intake. With increased pH, more aluminum dissolves.
$\begingroup$
$\endgroup$
I have mostly seen it used to mean "possessing features that appeared most recently in the historical evolutionary record". Thus a human is considered more evolved than a chimp because our bipedality, hairlessness and large brain appeared more recently than the features of chimps, and a chimp is more evolved than a fish because fish very similar to ones alive today appear in the record before anything resembling an ape, and so on.
I think it's pretty poor use of language, frankly, since it suggests linearity and ordering to evolution that is simply not there, conflates gross morphological change with change in general and incorrectly implies that stabilising selection is not evolution.
