Questions tagged [antibody]
A protein produced by the B-cells of the immune system which binds to a particular antigen, a foreign substance to the body.
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Re-stain slice using a different secondary antibody?
I stained a free-floating ~300uM brian slice using 4 different 1º antibodies (rabbit, chick, mouse, rat).
For the mouse primary, I mistakenly used an Alexa-350 secondary, when I should have used 594.
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What is a “pan-specific” antibody?
I am new to biology. I searched a lot to find an article that explains what "pan-specific" antibody is but I could not find anything substantial that would help me understand what it is.
An example ...
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PU.1 ChIP-grade antibody
We have been using a ChIP-grade antibody for PU.1 ChIP-seq (human/mouse) from Santa Cruz that has now been discontinued. Has anyone a current and hands-on-based (...
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How are primary monoclonal antibodies for screening mutant cells made, physically?
I'm working with a fairly common protein expressed in a large numbers of organisms, let's say a keratin-associated beta-protein. I'm trying to develop a process which requires primary-secondary ...
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Are there multiple IgY subclasses?
I know that there are several subclasses of IgG, but can't track down anything on whether or not IgY similarly has subclasses.
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Can multiple antibodies bind the same antigen?
Given the size difference between small molecule antigens and antibodies is it ever possible for multiple antibodies to bind to the same antigen if they recognize different domains on that antigen? ...
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Antibody staining
I am staining tissue sections and I did a mistake, I was supposed to have mixed 3 primary antibodies but I stained only with one of them. After the 1h incubation I washed 10 min with PBS and then I ...
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How to know which residues belong to the variable or constant regions of a Fab (fragment antibody)?
I have a fragment of antibody (Fab) structure, and I know its amino acid sequences of its heavy chain and light chain. As each chain of Fab can be divided into variable and constant regions, how can I ...
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Is antivenom fatal?
Antivenom is used for curing snake bites. Is it fatal when used without being bitten by a snake?
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Why does Anti-A antibodies make type-A blood type clump?
A-type blood has B-antibodies; it also clumps anti-A antibodies are inserted. Why is that? The blood has no antibodies against the A-antibodies to make clump in this way.
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Number of different clones of B lymphocytes
My professor told us that there are about a million different B cells based on their surface receptor.
I have read that we have about 30000 genes in all. Since receptors are proteins how do these ...
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Do antibodies to an arbovirus in a bloodmeal reduce vector competence?
When we conduct mosquito infection studies we typically mix blood and virus rather than using viraemic blood from naturally infected hosts. I'm looking for a paper I read some years ago which ...
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How does antibody structure relate to function? [closed]
I know that antibodies have 2 binding sites (as Y shape) so they can bind to 2 pathogens for agglutination. They have a hinge, heavy and light chains, constant and variable sections on these chains.
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IgA-s in an immune system vaccined intramuscularly against Hepatisis A
As IgA are immunoglobulins associated with secretion and mucosis membranes, I am interested whether after intramuscular vaccination with Hepatitis A vaccine IgA antibodies will be produced by the ...
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What do memory cells actually do?
So I know that memory cells "remember" the most efficient way to kill a pathogen should it show up again... but what is the mechanism by which memory cells become activated by the second contact with ...
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How do I name a binding antibody? “Binding antibody to”, “binding antibody against”, or “anti-[antigen] binding antibody”?
I'm translating a text that describes how an immunogenicity of a drug is measured by assaying the levels of binding antibodies to the drug. Or is it "against the drug"? I'm wondering how to name these ...
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Will a sandwich assay work with a GST 26 antibody/protein?
I have a GST 26 kda antibody, and want to use it in a sandwich lateral flow assay. Are there enough epitope regions for both antibodies to bind to the protein?
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Will a polyclonal antibody attach to proteins of different kDA?
If I have a GST 26kDa polyclonal antibody, will it bind to the GST 28kDa protein as well?
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How do scientists discover a new antigen and its epitope?
I've found some database on the internet that list all discovered antigens and their epitopes.
So how do scientists discover a new antigen? Do they try to inject them into the body to see if it ...
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Detect which antigen binds to IgE
Assume that a patient has chronic hives (itchy) on the skin. I understand that he has an antigen, which binds to IgE and eventually triggers histamine release, causing an allergic reaction. So is ...
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Rationale behind washing off unbound protein antigen in indirect ELISA
My question is with regards to the usability of the indirect ELISA in measuring protein concentration. Suppose we want to quantify the concentration of a protein. The indirect ELISA method would ...
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Difference between ‘tagging’ and ‘conjugating’ a fluorochrome to an antibody?
The Wikipedia entry on fluorescence repeatedly states that “a fluorochrome must be tagged or conjugated to the antibody”.
How is tagged or conjugated different? Is this a mistake or are these indeed ...
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How can antibodies in rapid antibody tests be kept at room temperature without denaturing?
The normal temperature for long term antibody storage is around -20 degrees Celsius. However, when developed into rapid antibody tests, they can be kept at room temperature for prolonged periods. How ...
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Why don't phagocytes eliminate mutualistic foregin organisms residing in our body?
Many organisms residing in our body and have a symbiotic mutualistic relationship with our body e.g. organisms in our small intestines. How come our body does not activate an immune response against ...
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Does the saliva of a person just recovered from an infectious disease help to cure another persons having the same disease?
I have always had this 'weird' thought (But could never quite test it...). Would the saliva of a just recovered person contains antibodies, or other immuno-boosting substances that can help fight off ...
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About sandwich ELISA
In sandwich ELISA the Fc region of primary antibody bind to the polystyrene coated well. But what are the specific interactions (like 'hydrophobic interaction' or 'van der waals force') happen between ...
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How does our body produce new antibodies?
My professor said that in human body nearly 10$^9$-10$^1$$^2$ antibodies are produced by VDJ recombination and all the antigens that a person encounters in his lifetime are dealt by antibodies ...
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How are antibodies extracted from donor blood?
When blood is donated, the antibodies within it are extracted, but how exactly do they do it? How do they take out the antibodies within the blood, what process do they go through?
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After getting fully vaccinated for HBV why does the antiHBs titer last for so long?
When a newborn child is fully vaccinated with HBV and let's assume he's responsive, his antiHBs titers will be high. But since the antigenic stimulus is withdrawn, shouldn't the titre fall to nill in ...
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What is the use of an antibody that is non-neutralizing?
When we generally speak of the immune response to viral infections, we talk of neutralising antibodies. These are antibodies that can neutralise the effect of the virus and reduce its load.
My ...
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Meaning of “Antibody is 50% w/w pure of interfering proteins”
From Google Patents, "Preparing antibodies from cho cell cultures for conjugation":
An isolated antibody or ADC is typically at least 50% w/w pure of interfering proteins and other contaminants ...
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613 views
Does denaturing proteins lead to loss of epitopes?
I am doing an experiment where I have to do both Immunohistochemistry and SDS-PAGE. I am assuming that the native conformation of the protein is maintained in the IHC. But during the blot, we heat the ...
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653 views
What is the rationale behind IgM being the default antibody?
I know that the$\ C _\mu $ gene appears first in line for class switching and hence the IgM is the default antibody. But what is the rationale for it being so? There must be some advantage (...
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Using only one antibody to detect COX-2 enzyme
If I wanted to detect COX-2 from a western blot test, would only a primary antibody work? I'm on a budget so does anyone know of relatively cheap COX-2 antibodies?
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B-cell antibody production
I've just learned about B cells in immunology lectures and some things are not clear to me.
Here's what I know:
1) Apparently, each B cell produces a specific antibody, determined randomly at the ...
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587 views
What is A in IgA? [duplicate]
What is the significance of letter A in immunoglobulinA?
What are the significance of other letters D, M , G, E in diffeternt types of antibodies?
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Blood antigens and immune response
In my textbook, the definition of an antigen is written as follows:
Antigen: A substance that the body recognises as foreign and that can evoke an immune response
The following image also confused ...
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Can ELISA be used to detect a plant enzyme? Creating assay for a new enzyme
If the goal is to generate a rapid assay for an enzyme of plant source what are the typical options?
i.e. Could one do something like: Generate an antibody to the enzyme and then use it to create an ...
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Why does the blood not clump and result in death?
In this question's accepted answer, it is said that the blood type will slowly change to that of the donor's.
When the blood in the person is about 50% his own and 50% that of the donor's.
i.e, 50% A ...
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ADCs: by what mechanism are antibodies internalised [closed]
I read that ADCs (Antibody-Drug Conjugates) act by a -mab for a particular target being bonded to a cytotoxic compound. From my high-school-with-crayons knowledge of antibodies, however, one part of ...
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Why don't antibodies generally bind to food and drugs?
Are these excluded thru central tolerance? What if you ingested something with a unique molecular structure that you hadn't ingested before?
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Is a variable domain in immunoglobulin's heavy chain different from the one in light chain?
I guess yes, there is difference in amino acid sequences of $V_L$ and $V_H$. And so we have 6 different complementarity determining regions (CDRs) per monomeric immunoglobulin as two heavy chains are ...
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How plasma cells switches secreting different Ig classes?
In Type 1 hypersensitivity how do B lymphocytes switch Ig classes, from synthesizing IgG to IgE? What is the mechanism? I studied multiple pathology books, it says the same as for IgG secreting ...
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1answer
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What is the attacking mechanism of RF on IgG?
Rheumatoid Factor (RF) attacks Fc portion of Immunoglobulin G (IgG), I want to know the underlying mechanism at molecular level. Also, what type of bond or attachment is made by RF and Fc portion of ...
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Purpose of antibody wash
It is common practice after surface staining cells for flow cytometry analysis to wash the antibody out of solution before analyzing a sample. I have tried analysis with and without washing the ...
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Why a repeat wasp sting cause an anaphylaxis shock?
I understand that an anaphylaxis shock caused by a huge dose of histamine. But why the first sting does not cause an anaphylaxis shock like the second sting? As i think there may be a relevant between ...
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What is the efficacy of an Ebola antibody response
There is contradictory (~?) evidence in the literature that antibody responses against Ebola are effective in clearing the virus and protecting the patient. Some time ago, I wrote a bit about the ...
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How to validate the use of an anti-virus monoclonal antibody in IHC by spiking a fresh organ with infected cultured cells?
I have assessed the specificity of a particular monoclonal antibody against a virus by immunofluorescence. I'd like to further validate it by testing it by IHC. Therefore I'd like to infect cells in ...
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Why is the administration of exogenous Anti-D not harmful to the foetus?
Haemolytic disease of the newborn can result from Rhesus incompatibility in utero. In this disease a Rh-ve mother becomes exposed to the antigens of a Rh+ve foetus by fetomaternal haemorrhage causing ...
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Can you Transfer Cancer Between People via Saliva or other Bodily Fluids?
This may sound like a strange question. But could a Cancerous cell be transferred from one person to another from Oral contact e.g. Through Saliva, or other exchange of bodily fluids?
I know that ...
