Questions tagged [antibody]
A protein produced by the B-cells of the immune system which binds to a particular antigen, a foreign substance to the body.
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Why don't phagocytes eliminate mutualistic foreign organisms residing in our body?
Many organisms residing in our body and have a symbiotic mutualistic relationship with our body e.g. organisms in our small intestines. How come our body does not activate an immune response against ...
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Protocol for Conjugating Antibodies to 30nm and 40nm Gold Nanoparticles [closed]
I’m working on a project that requires conjugating antibodies to 30nm and 40nm gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), but I'm having difficulty finding a reliable, detailed protocol.
I’ve searched Bio-Protocol ...
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Is it possible to obtain the sequences from polyclonal antibody protein mixture via mass spec?
We have been using pAbs from an immunized goat for quite a few years but now the goat died. We only have the antigen affinity purified pAb proteins. Is it possible to obtain the sequences?
We have ...
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Do we already have the necessary code for antibodies against various diseases?
Whenever we get exposed to a particular antigen, we form antibodies against it. Doesn't this suggest that we already have the genetic code to code an antibody against that particular antigen? If not ...
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What is the speed of human immune reactions?
It's easy to find general lists of immune systems: innate/adaptive, complement, phagocytes, B/T cells, and so on. Annoyingly, they are very skimpy on quantitative information regarding the speed of ...
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How do the anti-D antibodies help prevent Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn? And why do they not act like the maternal antibodies?
I understand that this question has been asked a few times in the past, but the answers there didn't really explain to me why the Anti-D antibodies we introduce are able to prevent the hemolysis of ...
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How are antibodies designed?
Antibodies have the ability of recognising highly specific peptide sequences and bind it at their antigen-binding site.
This ability is harnessed as a tool in research to purify target structures in ...
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Finding antibodies sequence online
Not sure if this is the right section to ask this question but here we go.
I want to find human GPCR antibody sequences online and download them. I had some trouble finding good platforms with good ...
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Neutralization Assay: Comparision of IC50 values between different viral loads
I've been performing Neutralization assays for HIV pseudovirus against a dilution series of different antibodies, and was wondering whether the viral load influences the measured IC50.
My specific ...
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What could be the possible reason(s) for background staining in DAB based Immunohistochemistry of paraffin embedded tissues?
I have been having trouble with immunohistochemistry of mouse pancreas tissue for some time now. I observe that while there is good and specific staining of the antibody, there is a lighter shade of ...
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Do antibodies binding to the same epitope have similar electrophoretic mobility?
Serum protein electrophoresis is a commonly used blood test in medicine. It is often used for detection of paraproteins in the gamma-globulin region. If there is a narrow band with sharp borders ...
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Improving contrast between dot and paper in dot blot
Currently using dot blot to attempt to determine if a serum contains antibodies for some reagents I am testing.
I pipetted samples as 10-5ul dots on whatman paper.
Incubation steps were for 1 hour ...
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Why do monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies behave differently as labeled secondary antibodies?
According to the MBL guide to generating antibodies, the differences between monoclonal and polyclonal antibody extend beyond the fact that the latter is heterogeneous, binding to various epitopes for ...
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Why are camelid-derived nanobodies called VHH (variable heavy domain of heavy chain)?
Single-domain antibodies (or nanobodies) derived from camelid heavy-chain antibodies are called VHH antibodies, where VHH stands for "variable heavy domain of heavy chain". I assume the ...
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Monoclonal Antibodies
In this paper, the authors say:
We demonstrate that for a considerable number of eplets, the
antibody-verified status is solely based on polyclonal serum
reactivity of multiparous women or on ...
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I need help identifying the source of my contamination in my viral titration experiments
I am relatively new to what I'm currently working with and as the title suggests, I am currently having some issues with my experiment (viral titration).
So, what I have been doing is the following:
...
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Why don't each of T and B cells make two different TCRs/antibodies, except for the class switch?
I have not been able to find any literature that clearly states this, but if I understand correctly, T and B cells are diploid.
If so, there are two sets of genomes, and if both are TCR/VDJ ...
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Do all monoclonal antibodies have a blocking effect?
I find a mAb targeting protein A, which has beed validated to work in wb/IHC/IP or antibody conjugating drugs. I'm wondering if this mAb could be used for blocking the protein A from binding with ...
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Western blotting with multiple antibodies
Normally I wash/detect with one primary/secondary-HRP antibody pair, strip, then wash/detect with the other primary/secondary-HRP pair which works well. However, I recently started working with a HRP-...
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Do phagocytes need antibodies to be able to engulf pathogens (to function)?
I recently saw a question about monoclonal antibodies, that are specific to a certain virus, being split (into their constant and variable regions via an enzyme), and the question asked whether some ...
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What is the difference between monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies?
I'm having trouble to see a difference between monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. The way I understand it:
Monoclonal antibodies are produced by the same "clone" or "line" of B-...
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Antibody structural determinants of epitope size
I am curious whether there are structural correlates in antibodies that relate not to epitope sequence but to epitope size. Specifically, I imagine that the antibody-epitope interface size is ...
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What determines if a small protein / large peptide is immunogenic?
I'm wondering if there is some threshold in size or a specific structural property that determines if a small protein or large peptide would cause an immune reaction.
Context: there are a number of ...
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CDRs and antigen-binding sites [duplicate]
Are complementarity determining regions (CDRs) not the same thing as antigen-binding sites?
If not, what is the difference?
An old exam question states:
"Clarify how CDRs are related to the ...
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PEGylation safety and hybridomas
PEGylation is the covalent attachment of PEG (PolyEthylene Glycol) to molecules (e.g. proteins). It states in wikipedia ("PEGylation"):
The covalent attachment of PEG to a drug or ...
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How does one derive a KD from an equilibrium titration experiment?
If I have an antibody A and a target B, and experimentally titrate the antibody against a single concentration of B, and then measure the % of B that is bound after the solutions reach equilibrium, I ...
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Why aren't the antibodies in the mother's milk digested by the infant's digestive system?
Why aren't the antibodies in the mother's milk digested by the infant's digestive system?
Enzymes like pepsin have been found to be present in infant's digestive system(1). Though the pH in the ...
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What causes Erythroblastosis fetalis?
So this is what I understood about the disease by researching about it
When a Rh-ve mother has a Rh+ve baby in her womb,
The placenta prevents mixing of fetal and maternal blood preventing antigen ...
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Can typed-switched B cells recognize the tertiary structure of antigens?
As T helper cells are responsible for isotype switching but Th cells are MHC class 2 restricted and MHC only presents denatured peptides (up to 30 residues, no folding), does that imply that only IgM ...
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Are antibodies labelled with fluorescence that have not attached to an antigen visible under light microsocopes?
I came across this thought while studying histology, what happens to fluorescence labelled antibodies that do not bind with an antigen, can we see them? or are antibodies activated upon antigen ...
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Does Herpes Simplex Virus induce antibodies which last a lifetime?
Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) is a virus which produces both lytic and latent infection. In the latter case it persists in a quiescent form in the neural ganglia for the lifetime of its host.
My ...
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Antigen transfer from baby to mother
When considering immunity in babies, the main mechanism that supports their undeveloped immune system is the transfer of antibodies from mother to baby via breastfeeding.
Case #1: both baby and mother ...
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Why don't T-Cells that correspond to certain viruses damage our cells? [closed]
I am studying immunology, and I am facing a problem.
The antibodies that B-Cells produce attack the viruses, but won't they also attack our cells that need to use the receptors on other cells?
When I ...
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Would it be possible to genetically modify a plant to produce usable antibodies? And if eaten would they be used?
I am thinking of a project where i would Gene edit a plants cells to produce anti bodies that humans could use. Does anyone know
A. what genes to modify?
B. Would the antibodies be usable after ...
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Is the response to a vaccine correlated with the reaction to the disease?
I was wondering if the response to a vaccine correlates with the reaction to the disease.
For example, if someone had a strong reaction to a vaccine, this person would also have had a severe course of ...
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Why are antibodies Y-shaped?
I generally know how antibodies work by binding to antigens, but what is the specific purpose to being Y-shaped, as opposed to any other shape? Does this aid their function? Thank you.
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Why are there so few full-length antibody structures?
I’m a student in the Biochemical Engineering field and the professor at the department just told us in a lecture that if we want to use a full-antibody structure for simulation purposes there aren’t ...
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Why do T cells have MHC II receptors?
I have seen the answer to this question which says that T cells do not express MHC II proteins which would make sense.
However, my textbook "The immune system" by Peter Parham disagrees. It ...
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Monoclonal antibody mass production
There is a long conversation taking place these days about monoclonal antibodies against COVID-19. From a few biology courses I had a long time ago, I remember that the process of creating mAbs was a ...
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Boost of Janssen COVID-19 Vaccine increasing Immune Response to Vector
I have been looking for published, or even pre-print, data that evaluates the serological response to a boost of the Janssen COVID-19 Vaccine against the adenoviral vector Ad26 rather than the ...
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Antibody detection - infection-induced vs vaccine-induced - is it common (or not) for a test to be positive for both?
Given a pathogen and a corresponding vaccine, and given an immune response to either one that results in antibody creation, would it be expected that a clinical test or assay for said antibodies would ...
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What antibody targets are being tested for in the publicly offered UK antibody test?
In late August 2021 the NHS (UK) offered people who test positive for COVID what is referred to in this BBC report as a “new antibody test”.
However, I have been unable to find out what exactly is new ...
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Can a polymer coated with antibodies have enough attraction to wrap around a virus?
Archived source for image
Please ignore the signal release. Does anyone know if it’s possible for polymer to wrap around a virus?
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Antibody staining
I am staining tissue sections and I did a mistake, I was supposed to have mixed 3 primary antibodies but I stained only with one of them. After the 1h incubation I washed 10 min with PBS and then I ...
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Are autoantibodies against intracellular proteins "functional"?
Autoantibodies against intracellular proteins have been detected in some autoimmune diseases (For example, TRIM21 in Sjögren's syndrome and NALP5 in Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndrome Type 1).
My ...
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TMB vs ECL for ELISA: which detection method is more sensitive?
I failed to find a comparison, does anyone know which ELISA detection method is more sensitive of these two: ECL, TMB?
Many thanks!
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Detecting multiple compounds on a lateral flow immunoassay – is this a case of monoclonal vs polyclonal antibodies?
I am working on developing lateral flow immunoassays for drugs of abuse and needed some advice on detecting multiple drug compounds in one immunoassay.
As an example, an existing LFIA on the market ...
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How long after taking a vaccine shot (Oxford–AstraZeneca) could an individual test negative for antibody (IgM)?
What I know so far about the way this vaccine works is that by encoding virus' biological signature into the vaccine and injecting it into a subject, the subject's immune system would learn to ...
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Why is there not an immune response to injected immunoglobulins?
When you inject immunoglobulins as a treatment for certain diseases, the immunoglobulins are a foreign substance.
I can appreciate that maybe the constant region would be similar to the hosts as it is ...
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How to identify plasma cells that only produce monoclonal antibodies?
I am studying the procedures of forming hybridoma cells for generating a large number of monoclonal antibodies.
Before the procedure of fusion (with multiple myeloma cells) happens, I would like to ...
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