Questions tagged [dna-replication]
The biosynthetic process by which copies of a DNA molecule are made.
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Why don't we use hybridization instead of PCR?
So, I would like to ask, why don't we use just DNA hybridization instead of PCR primer amplification to diagnise some illness?
I know, when you have a really small amount of DNA from virus or cell you ...
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Do the genes for external viral epitopes mutate faster than for viral machinery (e.g. Proteases)?
To fight SARS-COV-2 we use vaccines which train our immune system against viral epitopes like the external S(pike) protein. Since these structures change a lot, would it not have been a better idea to ...
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Thermodynamically, how did the first cell arise?
Living cells are biochemical systems that constantly perform chemical reactions. One of the important consequences of these chemical reactions is the capacity of a living cell to replicate itself. The ...
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Which method of gene amplification for toehold switches?
My team and I are from a high school and are planning to carry out some research investigating some toehold switch riboregulators which we have designed in silico. However, we have little experience ...
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1answer
103 views
Can a strand not be synthesised in 5' -> 3' direction?
I've been solving some biology questions, and according to one of them ( I have the responses too) the following phrase is false:
"Both strands are always synthesised in the 5' to 3' direction.&...
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Are there any "in vivo" DNA replication fidelity assays?
I haven't been able to find a way to assess the fidelity of DNA replication in vivo as opposed to in vitro. I was wondering, would it be possible to find this by sequencing the DNA of individual cells ...
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Why is DNA replication not 100% accurate
I've been reading about DNA mismatch repair (MMR) and how this process improves DNA fidelity. However, I was wondering, what is stopping MMR from correcting all mistakes in the daughter DNA with 100% ...
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1answer
148 views
Does direction relative to origin of replication matter on small plasmids?
The recent question about forward vs. reverse strand got me thinking about directionality conventions in synthetic biology.
As noted in the answer to that question, if we consider only DNA in ...
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1answer
102 views
SARS-COV-2 replication speed
What is the speed of replication of SC2? Any information, including in vitro data would be appreciated.
I would be interested to know the length of SC2 eclipse period, latent period and something like ...
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107 views
Nomenclature of substrates for DNA synthesis
I have read in my school textbooks that both deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate and deoxynucleotide triphosphate are used in DNA Replication as substrates.
However, it is unclear to me whether the terms ...
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Is there a DNA sequence that is true for all primates?
There are a total of 324 million known variants from sequenced human genomes. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_genetic_variation
Is there an DNA sequence that is true for all primates? Is this ...
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140 views
When the sister chromatids are joined in the centromere, why is it stated that the number of chromosomes is 46 and not 72?
Before the DNA is replicated in a human somatic cell, the cell has 46 chromosomes. Also, after the sister chromatids are separated during Anaphase, the chromosome number in the cell doubles to 72, so ...
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Why is DNA replication so much faster in prokaryotes than eukaryotes?
There are many statements to be found on the internet of the sort:
“DNA replication occurs at elongation rates of about 500 nucleotides
per second in bacteria and about 50 nucleotides per second in
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121 views
What data would Meselson and Stahl have expected if DNA replication was dispersive rather than semiconservative? [closed]
What data would Meselson and Stahl have expected if DNA replication was conservative rather than semiconservative?
Answer:
In the first generation, there would be two bands, one of light density and ...
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Is there something amounting to "check sums" in genetic code?
Humans use checksums for many different applications in informational processes.
Genetic code is used as a "program" to synthesize proteins, so it could (I'm a layman when it comes to ...
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Why is a solution of cesium chloride used in Meselson & Stahl's DNA replication experiment?
Centrifugation involves separating particles of different sizes, masses, density and etc.
In the experiment, the DNA macromolecules are suspended in a solution of cesium chloride gradient and then ...
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2answers
104 views
Polymerase Chain Reaction Specifics
While going over PCR in my biology lecture this week I have come across a few questions I have about this process.
First, since PCR focuses on trying to replicate a specific targeted DNA sequence many ...
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1answer
239 views
Does DNA being circular or linear directly affect the speed of DNA replication?
Let's say we have two DNA molecules of equal length, one belonging to a prokaryote and the other to an eukaryote. It's known that replication of the eukaryotic DNA is faster in this case. One clear ...
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1answer
37 views
Is the leading strand consistent in the same chromosome with multiple replication forks?
If a chromosome has multiple origins or replication, do those origins necessarily pick the same DNA strand as leading and the same one as lagging, or can they be of opposite orientations, sending ...
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Universal clock for humans contained in the telomeric sequences?
I don't know if this would make sense, but imagine that we could only suffer from natural aging (not diseases whatsoever involved). Is there an estimate of what is our natural maximum lifespan that a ...
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1answer
102 views
Why does the structure of RNA change? [closed]
RNA only has one strand, but like DNA, is made up of nucleotides. RNA strands are shorter than DNA strands. RNA sometimes forms a secondary double helix structure, but only intermittently. Why does ...
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1answer
108 views
Can mutation take place in G1 and G2 phases during the cell cycle?
We know that the DNA replicates during the S phase in Interphase. There it might undergo a number of mutations. We also know that the forward half strands are more susceptible to undergoing a mutation ...
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Replicate DNA so its visable to the naked eye
So my question has a few sub sections after the main title question.
Firstly, is it possible to replicate a pure sample of an individuals DNA to an amount that is visible to the naked eye?
If ...
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Eukaryotic DNA polymerase in Leading and Lagging Strand
Different books say a different specifications on which eukaryotic DNA polymerase work in leading strand and which DNA polymerase work in lagging strand.
TL,DR: Which one is reality? and if there ...
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How does DNA shape a living organism? [closed]
I'm haven't studied biology so excuse me if I'm getting something wrong.
I'm trying to understand how the DNA from a sperm and egg cause the egg too multiply and form a perticular shape (shape of a ...
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2answers
79 views
How can DNA replication result in hair pin structures?
My professor said that one of the reasons SSB proteins are so important was to prevent the formation of hair pin structures, I can't see how or why DNA would form hairpin structures and there's not ...
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Is there any current knowledge of how DNA polymerase is "motivated" to perform error corrections during transcription?
I was trying to understand the process of how polymerase performs error corrections on DNA. Every paper on this topic mentions what happens during the process, but there's no mention of how it happens....
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Why does inbreeding cause genetic defects, but cell division in one's own body does not?
I was watching a DNA transcription video when I realized that cells basically create copies of DNA all the time in our body. There may be a few mutations/errors, but it works out fine. However, when ...
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2answers
67 views
Why is Homologous Recombination (HR) more frequent at long sequence repeats?
I'm studying plasmids in bacteria (E. coli), and trying to understand the well-cited phenomenon that recombination frequency increases with longer repetitive sequences. I think this also applies to ...
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How exactly does DNA polymerase III detect a mismatched base?
How exactly does DNA polymerase III detect a mismatched base? I know how it removes it, via exonuclease activity, but how does it 'detect' it molecularly in the first place?
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In DNA replication, are there phosphodiester bonds in the primer ? between the RNA nucleotides before being replaced
When hydrogen bonds happen between the RNA nucleotide bases and the DNA bases , do phosphodiester bonds form between the RNA nucleotides in the primer ?
No source I read is clear about this, are ...
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What's the transposon difference between chimps and humans?
I was reading that humans and chimps share 98-99% of the same DNA sequence but I also read humans and chimps only share around 20% of the same proteins. Also, 45% of the human genome is transposable ...
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Is variation a result of Evolution?
We know that the DNA copying mechanism that replicates DNA during cellular division is not 100% accurate and the resultant errors are the source of variation in the members of a population.
At the ...
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In Griffith's experiment, if both S and R strains are added, can the R strain be isolated from the blood of the mice?
In Griffith's experiment on transformation, when both the S strain and the R strain were injected into the blood of the mice, could the R strain be isolated from the blood of the dead mice?
I think it'...
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1answer
67 views
Did the first cell self-replicate or was it multiple first cells? [closed]
We're almost sure by now that the first cell was born in a some kind of underwater vents environment which harvested all the necessary conditions for it to exist.
However, did the first cell self-...
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DNA replication - 2 new strands or original (parent) and child?
this is my first time here, so go easy on me! I've been trying to find out more about the actual process of DNA replication. Specifically, I am wondering if, when the DNA replicates during cellular ...
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DNA replication in $ E.coli $
$ E.coli $ has circular DNA which I guess implies one strand forms the outer circle and the other the inner one. So, is there a way to know if the replicated DNA forms the outer or inner circle?
In ...
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How is it possible for phosphate to form two ester bonds in DNA replication?
I understand that in phosphodiester bond formation, two hydroxl groups on the phosphate molecule bind to the 3' and 5' OH groups on two independent pentose sugars. This is a condensation reaction, so ...
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How does bonding between non-complementary bases occur?
My teacher told me that when DNA polymerase makes an error (roughly every 10 million nucleotides?) that if, for example, it matches an A with a G that the error remains and is the main cause of point ...
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What are the issues with excessive tandem repeats in replication?
Why is it that tandem repeats like CAGCAGCAG cause primer-template misalignment and diseases like Huntingtons disease? By my understanding, too many such repeats can cause strands to form hairpins and ...
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1answer
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DNA replication - how many times and when does it occur?
I’m currently learning about DNA replication in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. And my lecturer has mentioned that replication is a once in a lifetime activity. And I’m not sure what this is ...
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Typical DNA replication times
Just out of curiosity (I am completely strange to biology), as I have been unable to find this info on the internet:
How long does the whole DNA replication process take? (say, the replication of a ...
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1answer
116 views
PCR and Semiconservative replication
Why does PCR use heat as opposed to helicase like in semi-conservative replication in order to separate the double DNA strand?
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Can DNA be transferred from one person to another [closed]
kissing, handshaking, blood transmission, sexual intercourse etc,through which of these DNA can be transferred to another person ?
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Can a dividing cell that skipped DNA replication become cancerous?
Let's assume that a cell fails to replicate its DNA during the S Phase of the cell cycle. Let's also assume that the appropriate CDKs are inactive (perhaps due to mutation or lack of cyclin proteins ...
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2answers
674 views
Chemistry of phosphodiester bond formation by DNA polymerase
As I'm teaching General Biology to my college students, I realized that I don't fully understand how a 3-P nucleotide like ATP is broken down to be incorporated into DNA during replication. How does ...
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1answer
56 views
Are there any particular chemicals that initiate either DNA replication or Transcription ? [closed]
When does the nucleus of a cell "know" when to bind DNA nucleotides ( for Replication ) or RNA nucleotides ( for Transcription ). From what i read, they're both structurally different and free ...
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Can mitochondria become cancerous?
Given that mitochondria have their own DNA and can replicate independently, can they ever become cancerous? For example, could a mutation in their DNA cause them to rapidly replicate, ultimately ...
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Error frequency of DNA replication without proof reading activity of DNA polymerase?
Different domains of DNA polymerase contain different activity, like 5'->3' polymerisation and 3'->5' proof reading ...
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Molecular animations of, say, protein synthesis, are simplified, but how exactly?
In several animations of biological processes (eg protein synthesis (go to frame 1.20mins), DNA replication, etc), molecules such as amino acids are shown heading straight to the replicating protein ...
