Questions tagged [energy-metabolism]
Energy metabolism is the set of defined biochemical transformations by which living organisms generate energy (in the form of ATP) from nutrients.
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Where do the oxygen bound in glucose vs the atmospheric oxygen go in cellular respiration?
I know that water is produced during glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation and that carbon dioxide is produced during pyruvate oxidation and the Kreb Cycle. However, I'm not sure where the oxygen ...
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Which complexes physically pump protons in photosynthesis?
The cytochrome b6f complex is often drawn as pumping protons, but then someone told me that actually there is no pumping, rather the Q cycle.
According to this view, what actually moves the protons ...
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Is it possible to stop more/extra fat from being stored in the body?
I don't mean simply by restricting eating or upping the activities, but a way to basically stop the body from adding more fat on itself down on the bio level. For example, I'm not too knowledgeable on ...
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How are electrons entering the electron transport chain in cellular respiration energised (excited)?
In photosynthesis, electrons are excited by light energy from the sun (photoactivated).
How do they become excited in human cellular respiration?
I believe it has something to do with NADH and ...
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Can muscles work as brakes?
When I walk downhill I lose potential energy. If I descend 100m in, say, 10 minutes I lose potential energy at a rate of about 114J/s (114W). Where does the energy go? Not into kinetic energy ...
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Does our brain use up more ATP after smoking cannabis?
kind of an amateur here.
If the firing of the neurons' signals uses up some ATP, and smoking cannabis makes them fire off more quickly, do our brains use up more ATP to sustain that rapid firing?
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Where do Red Blood Cells use energy?
I know that RBCs use glycolysis of glucose to lactate to produce most of their energy, but, if they are just carrier cells, where do they use the energy?
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How much energy do small spiders expend when they are just waiting for their web to vibrate?
Roughly speaking, a small, complex electronic circuit or IC might sit in "sleep mode" using a current of roughly 1 µA (e.g. 1, 2), thereby using roughly $3\times 10^{-6}$ Watts, and that ...
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Is intelligence correlated with neural calorie usage?
The human brain uses a lot of calories in comparison to other species, that is usually explained by referencing the intelligence disparity between Humans and other Animals. My question is how far does ...
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Why is ATP hydrolysis to ADP, rather than ADP hydrolysis to AMP, used to drive biochemical reactions?
ADP has two phosphate groups, and can be hydrolysed to AMP in a reaction which involves a similar free energy change to that of hydrolysing ATP to ADP.
Why is the latter reaction, rather than the ...
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How are Mono and Diglycerides metabolized without the Free Fatty Acids of Triglycerides?
Having difficulty figuring out what the body does with ingested mono and diglycerides if the usual process of TAG metabolism includes the FFA released from the TAG returning to the MAG to recreate a ...
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How is ATP converted to adenosine?
I am familiar with adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), how one relates to the other, and how each is formed in cellular respiration and photosynthesis, but I am confused as ...
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Can metabolically inactive cells still replicate? pertaining to mitochondria specifically
If some drug acts on mitochondrial enzymes (probably dehydrogenases) and inhibits their activity; could cell still replicate or undergo mitosis via some other means? Is Cell proliferation possible ...
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Can E. coli make pyruvate from acetate?
What pathway would E. coli use to make pyruvate from acetate? I have found several papers that refer to a possible mechanism that could move acetate to pyruvate via a three-step process:
Step 1: ...
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Can plants yield two more molecules of ATP from glycolysis?
Since 2 ATP are used to convert glucose to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate in glycolysis, can plants bypass this step of ATP investment since they produce glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate directly from the ...
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advantages of shivering in cold environments
When we feel cold, our the muscle tries to generate heat by shivering and the brown adipose tissue tries to generate heat by non-shivering methods. The muscle generates heat but also spends energy on ...
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Why is the separation of biochemical synthesis pathways safer and more economical?
During our first lecture of plant physiology, our teacher told us that the separation of biochemical synthesis pathways was advantageous because it was safer and more economical. The problem I got, ...
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Simplest known form of aerobic glycolysis
What is the simplest known way that an organism performs aerobic glycolysis? In other words, what is the simplest known way known to convert glucose into $\ce{H2O}$ and $\ce{CO2}$, other than by ...
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Is it possible to lose weight doing brain exercise?
According to this article human brain consume a comparable amount of energy with skeletal muscle. So is it possible to do some brain exercise (calculate something in mind etc.) instead of physical ...
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How can dehydrogenation steps in some biochemical pathways produce ATP?
Dehydrogenation reaction of alkanes is inherently endothermic as one removes two thermodynamically more stable C-H bonds and replaces it with one less stable C=C. Although the product is conjugated ...
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Evolution of the energy generating system in mitochondria
Both yeast and humans have mitochondria. Given that yeast have a much shorter time between generation I would expect evolution to have had more time to optimize mitochondria of yeast.
The main ...
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What do different fermentation products have in common?
I met with the following question in my masters course:
What do different fermentation products have in common?
Thinking about this, I have difficulty in identifying the similarities between ...
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Does the energy from ATP hydrolysis vary among different cells?
I know that when ATP is hydrolyzed into ADP it gives 7.3 kcal/mol. The question is, does this value vary among different types of cells?
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Why is GTP, rather than ATP, used in nuclear transport?
Why is GTP used for nuclear transport and not ATP, given that ATP hydrolysis is used to drive most cellular energonic reactions?
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Reason for conversion of glucose to fructose in glycolysis
In glycolysis, glucose is converted to glucose 6-phosphate so it can not diffuse out of the membrane. Then it is converted to fructose 6-phosphate.
Why is this? Perhaps it makes it less stable so it ...
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Is it possible to have life that feeds on thermal energy
On earth, as far a we know, there are two main ways that bacteria gain energy.
First, there is Photosynthesis, the transition of light into chemical based energies such as ATP.
Second, there are ...
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How did giant sauropods satisfy their daily energy needs, considering their relatively small mouths?
Gigantic sauropod dinosaurs had relatively small heads (and consequently small mouths) in comparison to their overall body mass.
In the book "Dinosaur Odyssey: Fossil Threads in the Web of Life" (by ...
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Energy efficiency of muscles and animals as a whole
When human or animal do some work, they use energy from their food. What is known about overall efficiency of this process?
Say a horse is turning a winch and does 10,000 kJ of work. How much more ...
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Breathing faster to lose (more) weight?
I understand that when the human body loses weight, the vast majority of that weight is lost as $CO_2$ (and a small bit is lost as water). I expect the predominant way $CO_2$ exits the body is through ...
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Is it a valid generalization that kinases catalyse reactions involving energy transfer and utilization?
The Wikipedia entry for kinase states that "a kinase is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of phosphate groups from high-energy, phosphate-donating molecules [such as ATP] to specific substrates".
...
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How do plants store energy by potassium battery?
Plants have a so-called potassium battery system for energy storage/conversation. Wikipedia only has a reference to a technical article. Can someone explain it in a layman's language (or refer to a ...
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Anabolic reactions and reaction energy
My textbook says,
In general, the formation of a [chemical] bond releases energy
and continues to state,
Anabolic reactions (collectively called anabolism) link simple molecules to form more ...
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What is the fate of NADH produced in the liver during oxidation of lactic acid?
NADH (‘reduced NAD’) is produced during the oxidation of blood lactate in the liver. Glycolysis requires NAD+ (‘oxidised NAD’), whereas gluconeogensis requires NADH. However the NADH is apparently not ...
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Quinone A, Quinone B, Ubiquinone, Plastoquinone: whats the difference?
I am getting very confused about this. My understanding so far is that ubiquinone is used as an electron (and proton) carrier in oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria whereas plastoquinone is ...
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What is the ultimate source of ADP/ATP in humans?
I am teaching myself Cell Biology from the internet. Despite my usually good Googling skills, I'm stuck in a loop with this question.
Q: What is the source of ATP?
A: ADP
Q: What is the source of ...
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Is ATP produced in a different manner during glycolysis from that generated by the Krebs Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle?
The ATP in glycolysis is produced in the cell cytoplasm but that from the Krebs Cycle is produced in the mitochondria. The mitochondrial membrane contains an ATP-synthase protein complex that ...
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What is the source of the electrons generated in the Krebs cycle?
In the Krebs cycle, where do the hydrogens and electrons that NAD+ and FAD accept come from? It seems that citric acid only loses two hydrogens because it starts out with eight hydrogens and then ...
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Do all prokaryotes have ATP synthases and an electron transport chain?
I was looking this up and I'm wondering if so far I'm correct about the following:
For the most part eukaryotes do aerobic respiration, which involves glycolysis, the Krebs cycle and oxidative ...
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How many protons are pumped out per pair of electrons from NADH in oxidative phosphorylation?
I have searched the web and found that 10 protons are suppose to get pumped out during the electron cycle, but i'm a bit confused.
I'm trying to count, for every complex(1/3/4), the number of protons ...
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Why does oxidative phosphorylation require complexes 2 and 3?
I am learning about oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration now and do not understand the roles of complexes 2 and 3 in the process. Specifically, my textbook says that 2 and 3 pump H+ out ...
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Cellular Respiration/Fermentation Problem Leading to Lack of Energy
A young animal has never had much energy. He is brought to a veterinarian for help and is sent to the animal hospital for some tests. There they discover his mitochondria can use only fatty acids and ...
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Why is oxygen needed for the electron transfer phosphorylation?
I understand that oxygen is the acceptor of electrons and hydrogen ions during the electron transfer phosphorylation, the last step off the ATP-producing aerobic respiration.
But why?
Aren't there ...
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Cell Respiration and Oxidative Phosphorylation
Why and how does the proton travelling through the stalked particle in the inner mitochondrial membrane, cause a conformational change in the ATPase?
