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3 votes
1 answer
140 views

Post-Translational Modification in insulin production

When searching "How is insulin produced commercially" on Google, most results simply say something along the lines of "The insulin gene is inserted into a bacteria, which then express ...
user73910's user avatar
  • 527
1 vote
0 answers
30 views

Knock-Out (KO) Mice

We have generated an induced KO mice line for a specific gene. However when i perform IF staining I can still see substantial levels of the protein for this specific gene produced, even though the ...
shaii's user avatar
  • 11
0 votes
2 answers
168 views

Is retinoblastoma truly an autosomal dominant condition?

I am getting, in my opinion, very conflicting information from sources about the inheritance of retinoblastoma, a type of cancer. Hereditary retinoblastoma is associated with defects in the gene ...
Zuhair Qureshi's user avatar
8 votes
2 answers
2k views

Why do some amino acids have more synonymous codons than others?

In the standard genetic code (above), tryptophan and methionine are coded for by a single codon, other amino acids such as phenylalanine by two codons, isoleucine by three codons, and some by four or ...
Retracted's user avatar
  • 379
-3 votes
1 answer
400 views

Is sonic hedgehog a gene or a protein or both?

Is sonic hedgehog a gene or a protein or both? I think sonic hedgehog is okay as a name for a chemical. Having said that, I am a little bit concerned about the way sonic hedgehog seems to mean the ...
Matthew Christopher Bartsh's user avatar
0 votes
0 answers
24 views

What are the effect of radioactivity on grey wolves in Chernobyl?

I am doing some research about the effects that radioactivity has and is having on grey wolves in Chernobyl and more particularly on their genetics, but maybe also looking at the populations in the ...
yesofcourse's user avatar
4 votes
1 answer
71 views

How can Chronic myeloid Leukaemic drugs reduce the production of the Philadelphia genotype?

How can Chronic Myeloid Leukaemic drugs (Tyrosine kinase inhibitors, e.g. imatinib, etc.) that act by inhibiting bind of ATP to the active site of the BCR-ABL1 protein actually reduce the prevalence ...
Lina's user avatar
  • 41
0 votes
1 answer
761 views

Determine similarity in percentages between species A and B, A and C, and B and C

The chart above is a graphic that shows the amino acid sequence differences between different organisms for a protein keratin. The question I am required to answer begins as, "Keratin is made up ...
Renée's user avatar
  • 13
4 votes
1 answer
113 views

Who discovered DNase?

I was recently studying genetics in which DNase had a crucial role in proving DNA to be the genetic material and I tried to find who discovered DNase (like the discoverer of DNA) but in vain. Who ...
RaMathuzen's user avatar
3 votes
1 answer
324 views

Is this basic gene diagram correctly labeled?

I keep seeing this gene diagram, and I am not sure how to interpret it. I don't know what this diagram is called or where it was first depicted, but in the second picture, I have labeled it with what ...
Alex Walczak's user avatar
2 votes
1 answer
73 views

Are there any proteins assembled from non-adjacent parts of the genome?

Many proteins are assembled from multiple exons with the introns between adjacent exons being spliced out. But are there any proteins that have unrelated to them exons in the middle of their sequence? ...
guzey's user avatar
  • 43
-1 votes
1 answer
87 views

Why is sickle cell trait expressed in half of all cells rather than all cells containing half-sickled haemoglobin

If sickle cell trait is due to be heterozygous with respect to a single gene mutation on the haemoglobin β-globin chain, why is it the case that ~50% of RBCs are sickled rather than half of the ...
Tristan's user avatar
19 votes
4 answers
5k views

Do all humans have an identical nucleotide sequence for certain proteins, e.g haemoglobin?

All humans have the same sort of proteins in our bodies. Take haemoglobin for example. Is the gene coding for haemoglobin in my body identical to everyone else's gene or is there slight variations ...
Burtyboy80's user avatar
1 vote
1 answer
137 views

What does "PDPN+ cells" means?

Are they podoplanin positive cells (cells that tested positive for podoplanin)? "...though it has been shown that podoplanin (PDPN+) cells analogous to mouse FRCs are found in human secondary ...
James Erwin's user avatar
1 vote
0 answers
219 views

How does DNA code for the actual *shape* of individual body parts/areas (NOT segments or Hox genes)?

Just to save the trouble - I am not asking for general information on how DNA codes for proteins and definitely not how Hox genes work. I have a very good understanding of the evolutionary process and ...
jdfinch3's user avatar
1 vote
0 answers
45 views

Does every protein encoding gene necessarily have a transcription factor?

For instance, transcription factor gene A is responsible for activating gene B that encodes protein 1. However, it is possible for genes like gene B to encode proteins without having transcription ...
Larry's user avatar
  • 111
3 votes
0 answers
79 views

How are animal patterns encoded in the dna?

After seeing the patterns on the feathers of a argusianus argus pheasant (shown below), I am curious where is the information that encodes a pattern for a particular bird, and what form is this ...
polpetti's user avatar
  • 131
1 vote
1 answer
60 views

What are the types of interactions in biological network (protein networks)?

In the KGML files, the types of relations between genes or proteins are precisely activation, inhibition, expression, repression, indirect effect, state change, binding/association, dissociation, ...
girl101's user avatar
  • 2,215
3 votes
2 answers
839 views

What is the function of cystine, cysteine, and cysteine protease?

I am not a biologist, and I have a probably dumb biological question. For some purpose, I need to understand the function of the CTNS gene, and here is the definition of it: "This gene encodes a ...
user5054's user avatar
  • 393
1 vote
0 answers
23 views

Multi-protein drug treatments

Apologies if this an obvious question - I am very new to this. I am, as of now, under the impression that multiple SNP variations interact to create multiple mutated proteins, which ultimately results ...
Evan's user avatar
  • 11
0 votes
2 answers
3k views

Do all polygenic traits involve epistasis?

Consider the following statement All polygenic traits involve epistasis. I think its true because polygenic traits involve several genes interacting together to result in a certain phenotype and ...
Sam19KY's user avatar
  • 121
3 votes
1 answer
92 views

Correct term for initially neutral mutations that subsequently cannot be reversed

Can anyone tell me what the correct name is for a neutral mutation to a protein that occurs when that mutation becomes "locked in" due to a subsequent mutation? For example: mutation A is neutral ...
Mike NZ's user avatar
  • 185
1 vote
1 answer
83 views

What are in common between transcription factors?

In terms of their structures (primary to tertiary) and locations? Why do they have these commonalities? Or are any of these commonalities critical to their functions?
hephaes's user avatar
  • 183
6 votes
1 answer
6k views

Lac operon: How can lactose enter the cell in the absence of lactose permease?

My textbook states that lactose permease...transports lactose into the cell and When lactose is added to the growth medium, the lactose molecules bind to the other site on the repressor protein ...
Meep's user avatar
  • 2,979
1 vote
1 answer
92 views

Can we create custom gene/protein?

Does it possible to create any custom gene or protein we want with current technology? I have a protein sequence or a gene sequence about 4000 bp write down on my computer, is there anyway to "print" ...
LeDuc's user avatar
  • 219
1 vote
1 answer
175 views

How does the MET gene work and what happens when the promoter region gets mutated?

I am doing research on inherited risk of Autism Spectrum Disorders(ASD) due to common Copy Number Variants(CNVs) One of the mutations is the 'CC' variant of Rs1858830 in the promoter region of the MET ...
ASD Researcher's user avatar
7 votes
2 answers
685 views

What are some (bioinformatic) methods to characterize potentially novel gene transcripts?

I am working with a few novel transcripts of genes- before I confirm their existence experimentally, I would like to perform some bioinformatic analysis. I have already considered coding potential, ...
pMarkov's user avatar
  • 139
0 votes
1 answer
74 views

Will tagging a protease with HlyA for secretion inactivate the protease?

We are looking to secrete the protease proline iminopeptidase by attaching the secretion signal HlyA to the protease in a gene circuit. Since the natural HlyA secretion sequence in Escherichia coli ...
Kathryn's user avatar
  • 75
5 votes
1 answer
7k views

Where do amino acids get attached to tRNA and where is it synthesized?

Some very basic parts of transcription/translation seem to be left out in various literature. I can't find the answer to this anywhere: How exactly is tRNA synthesized? I realize that mRNA is ...
Paze's user avatar
  • 1,381
1 vote
0 answers
49 views

Is this description of etiology of celiac disease correct?

There is a detailed and, to my inexpert eyes, plausible description of the etiology of celiac disease and other autoimmune disorders posted here: http://no-gluten.org/CeliacDisease.htm Is it is at ...
shadowtalker's user avatar
1 vote
1 answer
203 views

Influence of temperature on protein binding and decay rates

For computer modeling purposes, I am looking for some referenced quantitative measurements of the effect(s) of temperature on the dynamic of biochemical reactions. Question In particular, my ...
Remi.b's user avatar
  • 68.3k
4 votes
1 answer
135 views

Influence of temperature on transcription, protein binding and decay rates

I am the kind of biologist who doesn't know much about molecular genetics and about the dynamic of biochemical reactions. Question My question concerns the influence of temperature on the dynamic of ...
Remi.b's user avatar
  • 68.3k
5 votes
2 answers
383 views

Turning publicly available genome data into proteins

I'm a computer scientist who is starting to dabble with biology. My eventual goal is to model different kinds of cells with a computer program. As of right now, I'm just trying to take some smaller ...
satnam's user avatar
  • 161
2 votes
1 answer
87 views

Epistasis when interacting loci are codons within a single gene

There is epistasis when the effect on the phenotype of one gene is influenced by one or more other genes (called modifiers). Is there a similar concept when the effect on the phenotype of one site ...
Remi.b's user avatar
  • 68.3k
1 vote
1 answer
2k views

What type of mutation causes Progeria?

I'm doing my High School biology final on Progeria, and am wondering what type of mutation causes this disease. I know that the LMNA gene codes for the "prelamin A" protein, and that protein contains ...
simpleauthority's user avatar
1 vote
1 answer
301 views

Need of X or Y chromosome protein after meiosis

After meiosis each spermatid get either the X chromosome or the Y chromosome. I know that the 4 spermatids formed from 1 spermatogonia are connected by cytoplasm and so the proteins made by X or Y ...
biogirl's user avatar
  • 8,621
0 votes
1 answer
75 views

Function of ER in reviewing mutated proteins

At least in the case of Cystic Fibrosis it happens that a mutant protein (which could actually function!) is held in the ER because the ER detects it as misfolded. Does this happen in every type of ...
biogirl's user avatar
  • 8,621
0 votes
1 answer
91 views

Is there any definition of complexity about gene and protein according their function?

Sorry for such a question,if it is too naive. Is there any definition of complexity about gene and protein according their function?If so,what is the relation between them?
XL _At_Here_There's user avatar
3 votes
2 answers
84 views

Have novel interactions or pathways been predicted by GRN or PPI data and later confirmed by experiment?

I've been learning about the gene regulatory network (GRN) and protein-protein interaction network (PPI) recently. I've found a huge amount of extremely interesting papers about how biological network ...
Matt Fenwick's user avatar
8 votes
2 answers
7k views

Gene & Protein nomenclature: N-Myc, c-Myc, et. al

Can someone explain (or point me to an explanation of) exactly what is meant by all the different symbols I see used for writing genes and proteins? I think I know that for genes, we use an italic ...
Kevin Ford The Submariner's user avatar
4 votes
2 answers
178 views

How do proteins and genes participate in learning?

I am a computer scientist that studies biology and bioinformatics. In the last weeks, I have been trying to study new research directions, and I would like to deepen my knowledge on the role and ...
DavideChicco.it's user avatar