Questions tagged [molecular-genetics]
The scientific study of the structure and function of genes at the molecular level, particularly chromosomes and DNA.
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Ubiquitous overexpression line of a gene expressed higher gene expression in leaf but not in seeds
I tried to make ubiquitous overexpression lines of a gene using a constitutive promoter vector in plant. I got multiple regenerated plants through tissue cultures.
At T0, T1, T2 leaves tissues, the ...
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Gene Name Finding
X8HS20 - please help, I am not able to find the proper name or function of this gene in any database - can someone kindly help to figure out what it is ? I hypothesize that it is some gene of ...
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What is the approx. diameter of a completely "folded up" human DNA molecule, in inches?
The human DNA molecule would be about 6ft if stretched out to a straight line.
I'm curious what the diameter of the DNA molecule normally is when it is "all scrunched up" or "bundled&...
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How pitch of a DNA Helix is 3.4 nm?
How pitch of a DNA Helix is 3.4 nm?
In the image that I have attached, the numbers with prime represent the number of base pair and normal numbers represent the number of gap elements between two base ...
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Does blunt end have a hydrogen bond?
I am an undergraduate student of biology.
I saw a lecturer online, who said that sticky ends makes phosphodiester and hydrogen bonds cut. (also here).
But why blunt end just makes phospodiester bonds ...
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What is the exact definition of a "gene"?
(In this question, I'm only considering the molecular-biology notion of a gene, not the older Mendelian notion.)
Wikipedia defines a "gene" as "a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that is ...
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Programs/software used to create illustrations and scientific paper ready figures
I am new to the field of molecular biology. I am finding the need to generate illustrative figures displaying interplay between proteins, DNA and various other molecular constructs at different scales ...
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How random is genetic recombination?
Two parents can have a very large number of different potential offsprings, and it's common knowledge that the daughter chromosomes in meiosis are produced randomly, i.e. in crossover, the exact spots ...
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Testing primer for misspriming in 770 Mb lepidopteran genome
I designed primer pairs for a lepidopteran genome (Cydia pomonella, codling moth, ~770 Mb, ~60% transposable elements, Reference Genome Paper). I have around 60 primer pairs that bind to a specific ...
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CRISPR-Cas9 system, DNA repair
As a critical stage in the CRISPR-Cas9 system, two different mechanisms of DNA repair can occur in the target DNA after RNA has been introduced: non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and homologous ...
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Do we need to underline the name of a gene while handwriting?
While teaching about the cry genes and the Cry proteins in Biology class, my teacher told us that the names of genes are always written in lowercase and should be italicized, and the name of protein ...
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Identification of cells containing the gene of interest at a double strand break instead of undergoing recombination
If I tried to knock in a gene for example KANMX and want to swap it with say some gene "x", but, since, there can be double strand break in the DNA and KANMX may get inserted within the ds ...
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Is there a word to describe a sample of DNA that can be sequenced?
This is a question about terminology. I want to know if there is a word that is used to describe a sample as "able to be sequenced".
My rough guess would be "sequencable". But that ...
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How do I determine the direction of transfer of genes from a hfr bacterial cell to a F- bacterial cell
My Biology professor recently asked our class to determine the time taken for rec E to be transferred from the donor to the recipient cell given that the origin of transfer was located at KL96.
I was ...
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What are the relative frequencies of dominance and codominance in genes underlying phenotypic characters?
Many questions already exist regarding dominance/recessive relationships, see e.g. here. I am asking this question because I have often wished to have it to refer to, and also genuinely curious ...
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Is there a name for this type of diagram?
Is there any commonly used name for this type of diagram / symbology? I have not been able to find them referred to by any name.
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Single-cell subcloning of BV-2 cells?
I am trying to knock-out genes in BV-2 cell line. However, the majority of protocols require cell subcloning and expanding. I tried to subcone these cells and grow clones in DMEM+10% heat-inactivated ...
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How did Mendel know if a plant was a homozygous tall (TT), or a heterozygous tall (Tt)?
I had some issues while studying Mendel’s rules of inheritance.
How did Mendel, while running his test crosses, know if the plants in his F0 generation were TT (homozygous tall) or Tt (heterozygous ...
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How does sequencing for breakpoints of chromosomal rearrangements work?
I have been trying to find an explanation for this image in the genetics textbook which I have a difficult time understanding
Why is PCR product produced in normal sequence for deletion, but not in ...
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Receptors and their distribution over the human population
For humans it has been reported that there are three vasopressin receptors (AVPR1a) and four dopamine receptors (DRD2). (Source: UNIPROT)
Question: Does every human contain all three variants of ...
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When do retinal cells stop differentiating? [closed]
I am having a hard time recalling where I had heard this, but I do recall someone saying (perhaps in a video) that cells in the retina divide very rapidly during infancy due to ongoing development of ...
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Is retinoblastoma truly an autosomal dominant condition?
I am getting, in my opinion, very conflicting information from sources about the inheritance of retinoblastoma, a type of cancer. Hereditary retinoblastoma is associated with defects in the gene ...
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Do cells not grow during mitotic S phase (synthesis phase of interphase of the cell cycle)?
Both these links mention cell growth during G1 and G2 phase, but not during synthesis phase (only DNA replication is mentioned). Is replication all that happens and is there no cell growth during S ...
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What precisely is the pairwise Fst calculated in GenAlEx 6.5?
A professor of population genetics informed me that there is not a unique notion of pairwise Fst scores in the literature. This information has made me more cautious about what may be implemented by a ...
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Genetic modifications to produce blue hair
The following animals are known to produce blue pigmentation:
Linckia laevigata (blue star, study reveals blue carotenoprotein, linkiacyanin)
Nessaea batesii (obrina olivewing, study reveals blue ...
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What is the relationship between stress granules and circular RNAs?
I have read that circRNAs act as sponges for miRNAs and that stress granules help reduce chronic cellular stress and they are composed of proteins and RNAs. I'm interested in the relationship between ...
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What forms a mutation hotspot?
From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recombination_hotspot#:~:text=Recombination%20hotspots%20are%20regions%20in,that%20of%20the%20surrounding%20region.
I understand that hotspots may arise when certain ...
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How is a haploblock defined with only one SNP location?
I am reading Impact of estrogen receptor gene polymorphisms and mRNA levels on obesity and lipolysis – a cohort study and am looking at Figure 1. I understand that haplotypes are associated with ...
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Biology (DNA electrophoresis with agarose)X
I'm researching a polymorphism using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and gel electrophoresis.
After RFLP, I should see fragments at 141bp and 111bp, but I can not see in 2% agarose, ...
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How are DNA virus cladograms actually calculated in practice? Is the procedure different for RNA viruses? Are these processes somewhat subjective?
The May 24, 2022 Bloomberg opinion piece Monkeypox Isn’t Looking Like a Covid-Sized Threat; It’s still early, but contact-tracing efforts and analysis of the virus’s genome offer hope that this ...
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Apparant inconsistency in DNA topology theory in formation of origin of replication [duplicate]
I'm studying an introductory course in genetics and came across something I don't fully understand. I obviously used Google to find where I'm thinking wrong, but I still can't understand it.
To ...
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How can SNP arrays be used to detect deletions within a gene?
I am reading a journal paper where the researchers are studying the effect of disease-causing mutations in the IL1RAPL1 gene. In the first figure of this paper, they show pedigrees of families where ...
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How to look for different transcripts for a protein?
I am trying to find all the different transcripts for a protein that translate into different isoforms of the protein.
However, when I look it up online, there is no clear organized data on different ...
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What is the importance of radiation hybrid (RH) mapping in terms of genes?
I'm currently reading about radiation hybrid mapping with a TSP (traveling salesman problem) application in order to find an ordering of the genetic markers (i'm a mathematics student) and was ...
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Time required for DNA replication in E. coli
In a particular strain of E. coli, it was observed that DNA polymerase could add nucleotides to a growing chain of DNA at the rate of 600 per second. If the genome of this organism is 1.1mm long ...
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Why can SPRITE measure many simultaneous interactions?
Why is the SPRITE method not limited to a number of simultaneous interactions that can be measured, while microscopy and proximity ligation are limited to 2-3 interactions?
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Problem involving genetic interactions in yeast
I'm having difficulty with the following problem:
In yeasts, genes MEC1 and SGS1 favor survival in response to HU
(hydroxyurea). In the figure below, Δ indicates homozygosis for the
mutant allele ...
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How many people need to have the same mutation of a gene in order for that gene to be seen as a feasible candidate for a disease?
I am learning about genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and I know that they are used to see whether certain SNPs are associated with a disease of interest. From everything that I have watched and ...
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How do geneticists determine if a gene mutation is pathogenic?
I am analysing information about patients with neurodevelopmental disorders using the DECIPHER genomics database. I am looking for patients who have only a specific gene deleted and no other mutations ...
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What does the 'y' mean in CHL1−/− / L1−/y double mutant mice?
I am reading a journal paper and I have come across the following statement:
To investigate this, $CHL1^{−/−}$ / $L1^{−/y}$ double mutant mice were generated
and analyzed for thalamocortical axon ...
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Recommendations for good books on bacterial genetics & molecular biology?
I'm starting a new phase of my PhD soon, and am feeling very under-prepared with respect to my general bacteriology knowledge. I was recommended to read up on basic bacterial genetics and molecular ...
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Why is the genetic code so heavily conserved?
Except some organisms, most organisms follow the same Genetic Code
tRNAs, tRNA synthetases, ribosomes, etc. comprise the translational machinery for converting nucleotide codons to proteins.
My ...
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Effects of mRNA vaccines on human body processes
I would like to understand the effect of an mRNA vaccine on more complex processes in the human body.
To what extent does this "artificial", external addition of mRNA interfere with the body'...
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What is the difference between Haploinsufficient and Autosomal Dominant mutations
I have been reading a paper that classifies genes in different groups by the type of disease-causing mutations. The categories of mutations (alleles) it gives are:
Haploinsufficient
Autosomal ...
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Why does mitochondrial DNA have a high mutation rate, even though the mitochondrial function is highly conserved?
My understanding is that genes that are functionally important are more highly conserved. The DNA coding for ribosomal RNA is one example of that. I was surprised to find out that mitochondrial DNA ...
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What breaks hydrogen bonds while producing sticky ends using restriction endonucleases?
I am a high school student and I am little confused about the uses of restriction endonucleases. Why do hydrogen bonds(base pairing)
break when restriction endonucleases produce sticky ends? If they ...
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How many MAOA alleles are there?
The question is about the human gene MAOA.
I've seen MAOA-H and MAOA-L mentioned in papers.
The page https://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Gene/Summary?db=core;g=ENSG00000189221;r=X:43654907-43746824 ...
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homologous recombination and non-homologous recombination ratio during S-phase
Can I assume that it is easier to do targeted gene knock-in in rapidly dividing cells because they should have a short period of G1? Is there an easy way to measure the relative amounts of homologous ...
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Why do chromosome pairs have different shapes and sizes?
When I look at microscopic images of human chromosome pairs I see that they have different shapes and sizes.
Is there a deeper biological reason for that? Is there some evolutionary pressure for them ...
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Why is BRCA-1 mutation a dominant mutation?
BRCA-1 gene is a tumor suppressor gene and undergoes a loss of function mutation to become cancer inducing. Why is it that only one allele needs to be mutated because loss of function mutations are ...
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