Questions tagged [translation]
Translation is the process of protein synthesis. The information encoded in the mRNA is translated into an amino acid sequence through the joint activity of tRNAs and ribosomes.
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Does a gene need to be transcribed for every single protein made? [duplicate]
There is one set of DNA in the nucleus and one instance of any particular gene. That gene is transcribed into mRNA and then it is translated by a ribosome. A cell has millions of ribosomes. So it ...
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What percentage of our DNA is never transcribable? What percent is never actually transcribed into RNA unless researchers force it to in a lab?
From what I gather, the vast majority (but not all) of the DNA in our genomes will transcribe and create an RNA, if only under certain conditions in a lab (forcibly unwound, among other steps).
How ...
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"mutant" codon translations?
AFAIK codon->protein translation is pretty much universal (very few exceptions). I've seen people explaining this means every living organism descends from the same ancestral.
That's certainly a ...
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Confusion regarding the meaning of the coding strand of DNA [duplicate]
I am having problems getting the ‘correct’ answer for the above question.
I am assuming that mRNA uses the template strand (not the coding strand) for protein synthesis. So:
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Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase and the degeneracy of the genetic code
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase catalyses the covalent linkage of amino acids to tRNA. The aminoacylated tRNA is then bound to mRNA on the ribosome in a codon–anticodon hydrogen bonded interaction.
In ...
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What prevents non-aminoacylated tRNA from binding to mRNA on the ribosome and disrupting protein synthesis?
Specific aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases catalyse a reaction in which a transfer RNA molecule with a given anticodon is covalently attached to its cognate amino acid (aminoacylated).
What factors favor the ...
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How to memorize Transcription and Translation? [closed]
I often get confused between transcription and translation. Is there any way to memorize them easily like a mnemonic??
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Do transcription factors need to undergo extensive post-translational modification?
Some proteins need additional processing to become fully functional, for example NiFe-hydrogenases need to be cleaved by endopeptidases for some of their subunits to be active.
Is it known whether ...
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How does the phosphorylation state of 4E-BPs affect translation of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial transcripts?
A 2020 review paper about mTOR (ref. 1) says:
because biomass accumulation demands vast reserves of energetic currency, mTORC1 enhances translation of nuclear-encoded mitochondrial transcripts ...
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Does an N1-methyl-pseudouridine substitution in the first codon position (in mRNA) result in a different amino acid?
Because of the possibility of ‘wobble’ in the base-pair made between the third (5’) position of the anticodon and the third (3’) base of the the mRNA codon , single tRNAs with appropriate bases in ...
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Why does miRNA not get translated?
If miRNA and mRNA are made of the same nucleotides, then why are miRNA not translated like mRNA?
Is it due to miRNA lack of start codon? Or lack of promoters?
Has it got anything to do with RISC?
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Why are there two replicase proteins translated from tobacco mosaic virus RNA?
I’m trying to understand how TMV is expressed and have read (here) that there is a large and small form of the RNA-dependent RNA replicase. These are translated from the same region of the genome, the ...
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How can a good SD / Kozak sequence enhance translation efficiency?
In prokaryotes, if there is an mRNA with a good (almost the consensus sequence) Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence, ribosome proteins will bind to it.
In eukaryotes, ribosome binds to the 5' cap, then start ...
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How do mRNAs find ribosomes?
After mRNA is released from the nucleus, the next process is its translation by ribosomes. By what physical, chemical or biochemical process does the mRNA reach the ribosome in the cytoplasm?
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How do ribosomes interpret stop codons as selenocysteine and pyrrolysine?
How does the protein synthesising machinery determine that UGA and UAG in mRNA should be decoded as selenocysteine and pyrrolysine, respectively, in certain circumstances, rather than as stop codons?
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How is Open Reading Frame (ORF) chosen?
I understand that AUG is the "start codon", and, because of this, most proteins begin with methionine as their first amino acid.
However, this ORF problem on Rosalind.info states that "...
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How to determine the most likely reading frame of a DNA sequence?
This question is from a past exam paper for an introductory bioinformatics module. I'm a computer scientist doing biology for the first time.
"A short bacterial gene has been sequenced, giving the ...
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why does translation occur more frequently than transcription?
In our textbook it says that translation occurs more in a cell than transcription but I couldn't find anything that explains why it happens
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How to estimate mRNA counts from Relative Promoter Units (RPU) or RNAP per second (PoPS) in E. coli?
I need a rough estimate on how to translate RPU or Polymerases Per Second (PoPS) to mRNA count (or even better protein count) in E. coli.
I understand that any number we come up with will be a very ...
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From which end of mRNA does transcription start?
The book "Understanding bioinformatics", says that "RNA polymerase transcribes the anticoding strand in the direction from 3' to 5', so that the mRNA strand is produced from the 5' to the 3' end".
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What prevents mRNAs that are localized to a specific part of the cell from being translated before they reach their destination?
One of the methods of mRNA localization, for example, is random diffusion of mRNAs where the mRNA binding proteins are localized to a certain part of the cell. However, I was taught that the ribosome ...
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Can different proteins be produced during translation of a single mRNA in eukaryotes?
Is there a translational mechanism that eukaryotes can use to produce different proteins from a single transcribed mRNA?
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The genetic code and the effect of point mutations on proteins
I was asked a question, "Considering degenerate and non ambiguous nature of genetic code, Why is that certain mutations don't disturb the protein synthesis leading to synthesis of functional proteins ...
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The shape of mRNA
I was wondering about the shapes assumed by mRNA. I have read some sources quoting that it is linear (quora, so not very reliable) and also a source that says a hairpin shape is common (nature, so I ...
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How does a ribosome gather tRNAs at a fast enough rate for Translation?
There are many animations of the ribosome in action, and all I have seen show the correct tRNA neatly entering the ribosome and its amino acid being added to the growing protein chain. My question is ...
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How does a ribosome move along mRNA?
I've been reading around Wikipedia recently trying to learn more about various biomechanisms. I’m intrigued by ribosomes — with how small they are, they’re basically chemical machines from what I can ...
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Could Wobble Base Pairing ultimately yield an amino acid that was originally uncalled for or not expected?
How does the cell choose which amino acid to attach to tRNA when there is wobble base pairing involved (not the other way around)? Consider the example below.
For the purpose of this question I'm ...
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Are mitochondrial genes decoded in the same way as nuclear genes?
Mammalian mitochondrial genomes contain only 22 tRNA-coding genes, which is an insufficient number to decode mRNAs under the standard wobble rules.
How is translation of mitochondrial mRNAs achieved ...
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Does every protein starts with Methionine amino acid [duplicate]
During process of protein synthesis we need AUG Codon to start translation .As we know this codon codes for Methionine amino acid so can we say that every protein starts with Methionine amino acid ?
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Why did translation develop a specific codon for initiation?
The translation of mRNA is initiated by a specific methionine-accepting tRNA at a specific initiation codon, usually AUG (complementary to the tRNA anticodon). However translation at suitable (albeit ...
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Relationship between the ambiguity (wobble) at codon position 3 in elongation and codon position 1 in initiation
In prokaryotes the usual observed start codon frequency is AUG > GUG > UUG.
An explanation for this is that
AUG is the most common initiator codon because it forms the most stable interaction with ...
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Why are there three stop codons but only one start codon?
I was wondering whether there is any specific reason that there are three stop codons but only one start codon in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cytoplasmic mRNAs.
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Do ribosomes read mRNA?
So I understand that tRNA bonds to a codon (with an anticodon) in the translation process. I read in my biology textbook that the ribosomes "read" the mRNA strand.
Why do the ribosomes need to read ...
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Is there an Exit site (E-site) on the eukaryotic ribosome?
One of my professors mentioned something about the e-site (the exit site for the t-RNA) on a eukaryotic ribosome. There was a student in the class who objected, saying that there is no e-site on ...
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About Frameshift Mutation
I am coding a DNA translater, based on the homosapiens genome, & i knowing that the data provided from NCBI is surely not 100% precise (there may be some base changes / removes etc...)
, & i ...
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How to find the amino acid in the DNA protein
3' A T A G T A C C G C A T G T A C G G G C G A G A C A T T C G A G C A T T C A T 5'
This a Template DNA.
How to find the number of amino acids amino acids ...
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How to interpret the relationships of PTMs from BioGRID's data
On BioGRID Database, PTMREL is a file that describes relationships of the PTMs (Post Translation Modification) tabulated in a PTMTAB file.
I have several issues with this file.
Foremost, I am not ...
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Why do bacteria use formylated methionine in the initiator tRNA, while eukaryotes do not?
Could anyone suggest an explanation for the evolution of this trait in bacteria? Does it confer any advantage?
It is also exploited by immunity receptors of some eukaryotes for the recognition of ...
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Is this sentence about RER correct on Wikipedia?
While studying about Endoplasmic Reticulum on Wikipedia, I came across this sentence
A ribosome only binds to the RER once a specific protein-nucleic acid complex forms in the cytosol. This special ...
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Can ribosomes read ssDNA?
My question is whether translation can be done, either naturally or artificially, through a ribosome reading (single-stranded) DNA directly. If not, I would like to know what allows ssRNA to be ...
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Insertion of an additional base at start codon make the protein still functional?
So the question is if:
a deletion of a codon for the amino acid lysine (AAG) is more or less likely to cause nonfunctionality of the protein than:
Insertion of an additional base (C) within the ...
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Eukaryotic equivalent of bacterial tmRNA
According to this Wikipedia article,
tmRNA is only found in bacteria, with its purpose being to “rescue stalled ribosomes”.
This brings me to the question of is there a eukaryotic equivalent of this ...
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Do tRNAs that recognize multiple codons have any preference for one over another?
What are the effects of the different binding strength/affinity between the synonymous codons corresponding to a single tRNA ?
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How are mitochondrial ATT (Ile) start codons translated as Methionine?
In some vertebrate species, some mtDNA start codon sequences are ATT but these are translated as Methionine rather than Isoleucine. What is the mechanism for this non-standard translation?
The main ...
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Why doesn’t a basic side chain (R group) of an amino acid form a peptide bond in protein biosynthesis? [closed]
Why doesn’t a basic side chain (R group) of an amino acid form a peptide bond in protein biosynthesis?
Consider lysine, for example, why can’t its side-chain amino group, –(CH2)4–NH2, form a peptide ...
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Why is translation so much faster in prokaryotes than eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes perform transcription and translation much faster than eukaryotes. If memory serves, a single 70S prokaryotic ribosome can incorporate around 20 amino acids per second, whereas the 80S ...
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How is mRNA directed out of the nucleus to its ultimate cytoplasmic location?
In the process of translation, I learnt that following formation the mRNA must exit the nucleus through a nuclear pore and attach to a ribosome.
My question is how does mRNA navigate itself out of ...
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Why Differential equation is not a good way to model chemical reaction networks [closed]
I'm a computer scientist and mostly code and have worked with Boolean models of cell level molecule transfer. Now i'm reading about the Biological pathways and modelling chemical reaction networks / ...
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History of ideas about the form of the genetic code
In preparing a lecture on mRNA translation and the genetic code, I remembered a talk given at a symposium where they mentioned the origin of the code and how, before the code was established, various ...
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Can one refer to pieces of proteins produced by enzymatic digestion as "enzymatic lysates"?
A Russian text I'm translating says this:
The location of post-translational modification (PTM) sites was determined using the “bottom-up” approach commonly used in this field. In accordance with ...
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