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You are correct in thinking that since the translation of mRNA begins with AUG, which codes for methionine, then all proteins should contain a methionine at their N-terminus (aka start site). But, it is indeed not so. First of all, I want to mention about variations in start codon. As you say, AUG is not the only, but actually the most common, start codon, ...
answered Mar 4 '17 at 10:00
another 'Homo sapien'
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A good question (if a little mixed up on transcription vs. translation!)
AUG is not always the start codon, but whatever the codon is it will always code for Methionine (or fMet, but still a variation on Met), even if the codon codes for a different amino acid otherwise. A separate transfer RNA (tRNAi, the initiator tRNA) is used for the arrangement of ...
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I think given that you're just getting started with genetics, you can say that the codons are interchangeable. This is generally true, though not technically correct. Here are a few reasons for why this is the case, though there's probably more:
Specific organisms use specific codons with different frequencies. This is usually related to the tRNA abundance ...
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They're both correct. The confusion stems from the book talking about the anticoding strand as well as the newly-formed coding RNA strand, whereas Khan Academy talks only about the coding strand.
From the book:
The anticoding strand is transcribed from 3' to 5'.
Therefore the coding strand is produced from 5' to 3', meaning the very first nucleotide ...
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This question is closely related, and the fascinating link posted by @JohnSmith is a good read.
In short, with a four-base system, and a codon size of 1, you get four possible amino acids. Silly system. A codon size of 2 gives 16. Not too shabby, but not a lot of room for growth, and not enough for those 20 amino acids. Codons of size 3 gives 64 - ...
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Take a look at this schematic of a mature mRNA.
[source]
The coding region (ie the part that is translated) is between the start and stop codons, but the 5' and 3' untranslated regions (UTRs) are also transcribed by RNA polymerase; these are part of the first and last exons, respectively. The transcription start site is labelled right in front of the 5' ...
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Summary
Messenger RNAs that are recruited to the ribosome for protein synthesis in vivo, need to satisfy particular structural requirements and must interact with the protein initiation factors that deliver them to the ribosome. Generic single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) does not have these structural characteristics and so cannot be translated on ribosomes under ...
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No, this will not happen. mRNAs are inspected in the nucleus before they are exported into the cytoplasm (at least in eukaryotes), where transcription and translation don't happen at the same place. This ensures that no mRNAs without stop codons or premature stop codons are exported. This phenomenon is called
"mRNA surveillance". mRNAs that do not pass this ...
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There is a basic misconception in the question you have asked, which @biogirl has explained. There is only one start Codon in any mRNA and it defines the open reading frame.
All other AUGs in the open reading frame are simply codons that encode for the Amino Acid Methionine and have no function in the start of translation. There are factors other than AUG ...
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Yes, tRNA can form dimers. For example it was shown that E. Coli tRNA GCC forms homodimers, i.e. two identical molecules interact with each other. In this case the dimerization occurs between the anti-codon loops (what was probably meant with UUU and AAA).
References:
Sequence and structure of naturally-occurring tRNA transcripts and site-directed variants ...
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Aminoacyl-tRNA sythetases are highly specific to their corresponding amino acid. First, the activation site, where the amino acid binds, constitutes a complex network of intermolecular interactions. For example, threonine, catalyzed by threonyl-tRNA synthetase, is very similar to valine and serine. Valine has a methyl group instead of the hydroxy group of ...
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@Thymine's answer is correct. I just thought I'd post a more graphic answer for clarity.
<==(RNA Pol)3'------------------------- 5'
5' ------------------------------------------------------ 3'
3' ------------------------------------------------------ 5'
The RNA Polymerase is synthesizing on the 3' to 5' strand, but nucleic acids are ...
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The simple answer
Under the assumption that each mRNA molecule is translated at least once, by necessity translation will happen more often than transcription. This is because the only way to get a protein is to translate an mRNA.
In other words, as long as there are more protein molecules (translation products) than mRNA molecules in a cell, then the ...
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From the Methods section:
Human TfR in plasmid cDNA was a gift from Tim McGraw (Weill-Cornell
Medical College, New York, NY). Human TfR cDNA was subcloned in frame
with EGFP in the Clontech pEGFP-N1 vector at the XhoI and BamHI
restriction sites.
This TfR-GFP fusion protein does not have the endogenous TfR promoter. So it is not likely to be ...
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Genetic code and codons are always used with reference to RNA. When talking about DNA, the the sense strand of a gene is considered its sequence. The anti-sense strand though is the template for mRNA synthesis, does not represent the gene.
DNA-codon table has simply U replaced by T. Apart from a wikipedia article, I don't find the term being popularly (not ...
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Because the start codon is translated into methionine, it clearly can not be part of the 5'-untranslated region, as @Johnny writes in his answer.
The more contentious question would be for the stop codons and the 3'-untranslated region. Then it really is a question of semantics. One might argue that as no amino acid is inserted in response to these codons, ...
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This is what we classify as a homework question, but as it satisfies the criterion of the poster demonstrating an attempt to answer it, I provide the following suggestion of an answer.
I assume that as it appeared in an introductory bioinformatics module the exam question is just testing reading frames (obviously) and the punctuation of the genetic code. ...
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Wobble pairing is just a phenomenon and not a hard and fast rule. There are some justifications for why it should exist and that is why it is still called a hypothesis. And this statement is not true:"the base on the third position of the codon and that on the anticodon need not be complementary". The anticodon residue corresponding to the third residue of ...
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The tRNA is not acting alone, it has the help of the Ribosome.
The Ribosome assembles at the beginning of the transcript and starts the translation at the first AUG codon. It then binds the first tRNA which fits to the mRNA. The tRNA is then moved from the A-position to the P-position and the next tRNA is binding (the move around and bind by chance. A nice ...
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As far as I can tell from the paper you linked to (Damiana et al) it is possible but inefficient:
Naturally, we tried to translate ssDNA, but as previously described
elsewhere, direct DNA translation was not really efficient in absence
of antibiotics such as neomycin [5] and [6]. It seemed that the
elongation phase was the limiting step in the ...
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A good answer is already provided by @canadianer, but as with many things in biology it is important to keep in mind what organism and/or cell type we are talking about. Because the nuances of the answer to a question about a seemingly universal process sometimes actually depend on whether we want to know about bacteria, or fungi, or mammalian stem cells, ...
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You mix up translation and transcription. Transcription creates mRNA from DNA template. Transcription also includes splicing, that is excision of introns so that mature mRNA contains only exons. In your example it goes like that:
DNA (chromosome): ---A----B--...--Dstop---E---
premature mRNA: A----B---...---Dstop--E---polyA
mature mRNA: AB..DstopE-polyA
...
answered Apr 26 '15 at 2:36
aaaaa says reinstate Monica
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AUG functions as a start codon only when it is at the 1st position of the open reading frame. Whenever AUG is present in between, it codes for methionine amino acid. Go through the basics of translation from a good book.
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Although the question shows considerable effort to achieve clarity, the way it is phrased as:
How many molecules of nucleoside triphosphate… [does] it take to release enough energy
still allows ambiguity, as I would not really regard the NTPs involved in protein synthesis “releasing energy”. So let us consider two reformulations of the question, as the ...
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When ribosomes create peptides, Methionine is the starting amino acid. But, in many proteins, Methionine Aminopeptidases cut it off from N-terminus. This happens in cases when methionine is not required as starting amino acid (not required on N-terminus).
Source: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methionyl_aminopeptidase
I remembered the name of enzyme.
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I think the key to understanding this is to appreciate how different the initiation process is from the rest of translation.
The 30S ribosomal subunit recognises start codons via an interaction with the Shine-Dalgarno sequence that lies upstream in the mRNA. The remaining steps of initiation involve recruiting fMet-tRNA and, critically, placing it into the ...
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Then you just have to read the codon until you reach a stop codon. There are three stop codon UAA, UGA and UAG. So, in your example..
Start Stop
5' U A U C | A U G | G C G | U A C | A U G | C C C | G C U | C U G | U A A | G C U C G U A A G U A 3'
Your protein is therefore 7 amino acids long (...
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The process to which you refer is called tRNA charging and is catalyzed in the cytosol by a class of enzymes called aminoacyl tRNA synthetases.
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Since the sequence starts with an initiation codon and ends with a stop codon I think it's safe to conclude that this is the coding strand. The coding strand has the same sequence as the transcribed RNA (except T>U). This is because it is the other strand of the DNA that is the template for the synthesis of an RNA. The RNA is indeed made 5'>3', but the ...
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It seems that duplicate codons make translation more robust and resistant to translational misreading. There are four theories that explain existence of duplicate codons:
Stereochemical theory
Coevolution theory
Error minimization theory
Frozen accident hypothesis
They are not mutually exclusive and “Origin and evolution of the genetic code: the universal ...
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